Concept of THO in Korean Grammatical Tradition
https://doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2023-4-37-55-68
Abstract
In the article the author examines the specific concept of tho in Korean grammatical tradition basing on the analysis of the Korean scholars’ publications since the early 20th century up to now. According to Russian bilingual dictionaries, this Korean linguistic term means formal morphemes and syntactic words though various authors define its specific meaning differently. This concept can be traced back to the term of ‘empty words’ of medieval Chinese linguistics and was originally used to name Korean grammatical elements inserted into hanmun (Koreanized literary Chinese wenyan) texts for better understanding by speakers of the Korean language, which is typologically different from Chinese. This approach was partly inherited at the end of the 19th century after the transition of the literary language in Korea from hanmun to native Korean. The grammatical categories covered by tho have changed over time. Today in the DPRK, it includes any grammatical postfix formants (which in Russian Koreanology are form-building endings and suffixes) and even word-formative markers of voice. This approach follows the tradition of the last work of 1914 by Chu Sigyeong, the founder of modern Korean linguistics. The majority of the South Korean linguists, influenced to a certain extent by the Japanese language grammar, refer to postfixes of predicatives as endings, and to postfixes of nouns as particles, i.e. a syntactic part of speech. But at the same time, they do not reject completely the term tho. This interpretation follows the ideas of Choi Hyeonbae, dating back to the 20-30s of the last century. The author is inclined to support the opinion that tho is a Korean term for naming specific Korean agglutinative postfixes and considers it quite a logical approach to be viable. In conclusion, the approaches to the description of the Korean language grammar may be different, i.e. several variations are possible. However, the most important thing is that the systematic character of the description is observed, and the features of the object of the study – the Korean language of the agglutinative type – are taken into consideration. Besides, for the teaching purpose logicality and rational simplicity of grammar structure are also important if they do not contradict the language material.
About the Author
V. E. Sukhinin
MGIMO University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Valery E. Sukhinin, Associate Professor in Oriental Languages, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Professor at the Department of Japanese, Korean, Indonesian and Mongolian Languages
76, Prospekt Vernadskogo, Moscow, 119454
References
1. Alpatov, V. M. Iaponskiy iazyk // Iazyki mira. Mongolskie iazyki. Tungusomanchzhurskie iazyki. Iaponskiy iazyk. Koreyskiy iazyk. M.: Indrik [Japanese language // Languages of the World. Mongolian languages. Tungus-Manchu languages. Japanese language. Korean language. Moscow, “Indrik”]. 1997. 408 p.
2. Anikina, V.V. Zarozhdenie i stanovlenie lingvisticheskoy traditsii v Koree. [Origin and development of linguistic tradition in Korea. Moscow], M.: Izdatelskiy dom Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki [“Higher School of Economics Publishing House”]. 2014. 168 p.
3. Bolshoy koreysko-russkiy slovar. V dvukh tomakh. Pod redaktsiey L.B. Nikolskogo i Tsoy Den Khu. M.: “Russkiy iazyk” [Big Korean-Russian Dictionary. In two volumes. Edited by L.B. Nikolsky and Choi Jeong Hu. Mosow, “Russky iazyk”]. 1976. 812 + 672 p.
4. Koreysko-russkiy slovar. Sostavil A.A. Kholodovich. Izdanie tretye. reprodutsirovannoye so vtorogo izdaniia 1958 g. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo inostrannykh i natsionalnykh slovarey [Korean-Russian Dictionary. Compiled by A.A. Kholodovich. Third edition, reproduced from the second edition of 1958. Moscow, “State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries”]. 1959. 896 p.
5. Koreyskogo-russkiy slovar. Pod redaktsiey Ko Khena. [Korean-Russian Dictionary. Edited by Ko Hyeon] Pyongyang: “Nauka i entsiklopediia” – Moskva: “Russkiy iazyk”. 1994. 892 p.
6. Mazur, Yu.N. Sklonenie v koreyskom iazyke. [Declination in Korean language]. M.: Izdatelstvo MGU Moscow, 1962. 116 p.
7. Mazur, Yu.N. Chu Si Gen i sovremennoe koreyskoe iazykoznanie [Chu Sigyeong and modern Korean linguistics] // Problemy Dalnego Vostoka [“Problems of the Far East”] //. 1974. № 2. P. 203-207.
8. Nikolskiy, L.B. Sluzhebnye slova v koreyskom iazyke [Syntactic words in Korean language]. M.: Izdatelstvo vostochnoy literatury. 1962. 180 p.
9. Pashkovskiy, A.A. Slovo v iaponskom iazyke [Word in the Japanese language]. M.: URSS. Izdaniye vtoroye. Ispravlennoe [Moscow, “URSS”. Second edition. Revised]. 2006. 208 p.
10. Sukhinin, V.E. V pamyat o Chu Sigene. [In memory of Chu Sigyeong] // Vestnik rossiyskogo koreevedeniia [Proceedings of Korean Studies in Russia]. 2014. № 6. P. 138-140.
11. Yakhontov, S.Y. Kitayskaia iazykovedcheskaia traditsiia [Chinese linguistics tradition] // Lingvisticheskiy entsiklopedicheskiy slovar. [Linguistic Encyclopedia Dictionary]. Glavny redaktor Iartseva V.N. Moskva. “Sovetskaia entsiklopediia” // Editor-in-chief V.N. Iartseva. Moscow, “Soviet Encyclopedia” Publishing House. 1990. P. 225.
12. A Korean-English Dictionary by James Scarth Gale (Seoul, Korea). Printed by Fukuin Printing Co., Ltd., Yokohama, 1911 (First Edition 1897). 1155 p.
13. 고등 학교 문법. 서울대학교 사범대학 국어표준연구소 교육부, 서울 [Grammar for High School. Seoul National University Teachers Training College, Education Department of Standard Korean Institute, Seoul]. 2000 (1996 – first edition). 237 p.
14. 공익현. 혼자서 배울 수 있는 조선말. 평양. 외국문도서출판사 [Kim Ikhyeon, Korean Teach-yourself Book for Russian speakers.] Pyongyang.: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1994. 1080 p.
15. 국어대사전, 1-2 권, 서울, 금성출판사 [Big Dictionary of the Korean language. In two volumes. Seoul: Kumsong Publishers]. 1993 (5th print; 1991 – first print). 3812 p.
16. 국어대사전 (남광우, 이응백, 이을환 감수자), 서울, 민중서관 [Big dictionary of the Korean language]. Editors Nam Gwangu, Lee Eunbaek, Lee Eulhwan, Seoul: Minjung seogwan Publishers. 1992. 1830 + 40 p.
17. 국어문법 중학교 제 4 학년용, 평양, 교육도서출판사, 1969; 국어문법 고등학교 제 1 학년용, 평양, 교육도서출판사, 1978; 국어문법 고등학교 제 2 학년용, 평양, 교육도서출판사, 1978; 국어문법 고등학교 제 3 학년용, 평양, 교육도서출 판사, 1978. [Mother Tongue Grammar. For 4th form of middle school; For 1-3 forms of high school]. Pyongyang: Education Books publishing House. 1969, 1978.
18. 김병제, 조선어학사. 평양. 과학백과사전출판사 [Kim Byeongje. History of Korean linguistics.] Pyongyang: “Science and Encyclopedia” Publishing House. 1984. 276 p.
19. 김용구. 조선어문법. 평양, 사회과학출판사 [Kim Yonggu. The Korean language grammar]. Pyongyang: “Social science books” Publishing House. 1989. 367 p.
20. 남기심, 고영근, 표준국어문법. 개정판. 서울. 탑출판사 [Nam Gisim, Ko Yeonggeun. Standard grammar of the Korean language]. Revised edition. Seoul: “Thap” Publishers. 1998 (1985 – 1st edition, 1993 – revised edition). 461 p.
21. 리근영. 조선어리론문법 (형태론), 평양. 과학백과사전출판사 [Lee Geunyeong. Theoretical grammar of the Korean language (Morphology)]. Pyongyang: “Science and Encyclopedia” Publishing House. 1985. 304 p.
22. 文世榮, 朝鮮語辭典. 경성. [Mun Seyeong. The Korean language dictionary] Seoul. 1938. 1634 + 26 + 23 p.
23. 朴相梭, 朝鮮語 文法, 평양 [Park Sangjun. The Korean language grammar]. Pyongyang. 1948. 220 p.
24. 불자수행집, 팔달선원, 수원, 불기 2537 [Buddhist practice guide]. Phaltal Temple, Suwon, ROK. 2537 of Buddhist Era. 1994. 248 p.
25. 백과전서, 전 6 권, 평양. 과학백과사전출판사 [Encyclopedia. In 6 volumes]. Pyongyang: “Science and Encyclopedia” Publishing House. 1984.
26. 申昌淳. 二十一世紀의 國語文法 國語統辭構造硏究. 서울. 태학사. [Shin Changsun. Mother tongue grammar in the XXIst century – Study of the syntactic structure of the Korean language]. Seoul: “Thaehaksa” Publishers. 2019. 231 p.
27. 世界大百科事典. [New World Encyclopedia]. 서울. 韓國敎育文化社 Seoul: “Korean Education and Culture” Publishers. 1995. 1772 p.
28. 조선말대사전, 1-2 권, 평양. 사회과학출판사 [Big dictionary of the Korean language. In 2 volumes]. Pyongyang: “Social Science Books” Publishing House). 1992. 1990 + 2160 p.
29. 조선말사전, 전 6 권, 평양, 과학원 출판사 [The Korean language dictionary. In 6 volumes]. Pyongyang: DPRK Academy of Sciences Publishing House). 1960-1962. 30. 조선말사전, 평양, 과학백과사전출판사 [The Korean language dictionary]. Pyongyang: “Science and Encyclopedia” Publishing House). 2004. 1727 p.
30. 조선문화어문법. 평양, 과학백과사전출판사 [Grammar of Korean cultural language]. Pyongyang: “Science and Encyclopedia” Publishing House. 1979. 456 p.
31. 조선문화어문법규법. 평양. 김일성종합대학풀판사 [Grammatical norms of Korean cultural language]. Pyongyang: Kim Ilsung University Publishing House). 1976. 550 p.
32. 조선어문법, 조선어문학회. 평양 [The Korean language grammar. The Korean Philological Society]. Pyongyang. 1949. 400 p.
33. 조선어문법. 1. 과학원 언어문학연구소, 평양. 과학원출판사 [Korean grammar. Volume 1.]. Institute of language and literature of the DPRK Academy of Sciences. Pyongyang: Academy of Sciences Publishing House. 1960. 480 p.
34. 조선어문법. 김일성종합대학 어문학연구소 조선어학연구실. 평양. 고등교육도서출판사 [Korean grammar]. Kim Ilsung University Institute of Philology, Department of the Korean Language. Pyongyang: Higher School Books Publishing House. 1964. 531 p.
35. 주시경유고집. 평양. 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원 [Chu Sigyeong works heritage]. Pyongyang. DPRK Academy of Sciences). 1957. 236 p.
36. 최현배. 조선말본, 서울, 정음사 [Choi Hyeonbae. Korean grammar]. Seoul.: “Cheongumsa” Publishers. 1949 (9th edition, 1st edition – 1948, 1).123 p.
37. 최현배. 우리말본. 서울. 정음문화사 [Choi Hyeonbae. Mother tongue grammar]. Seoul: “Cheongum munhwasa” Publishers. 1999 (18th edition. 1929 – 1st edition, 1955 − revised and enlarged edition, 1961 – 3rd revised edition). 938 p.
38. 토문제 // 조선어문법리론집. 2. 편자 김백련. 평양. 김일성종합대학풀판사 [Problem of tho // Materials on the theory of Korean language grammar. Volume 2.]. Compiled by Kim Baekryeong. Pyongyang.: Kim Ilsung University Publishing House. 1966. P. 44-152.
39. (필승) 중학 국어 문법, 송재욱 저 (1, 2, 3 학년용). 서울. 과학사 [Mother tongue grammar for middle school]. Compiled by Song Jaeok (for grades 1, 2, 3). Seoul: “Kwahaksa” Publishers. 1993 (reprint). 160 p.
40. (하이라이트) 高校 文法 자습서, 조규빈 편서. 서울. 志學社 [Self-taught Korean grammar for high school]. Compiled by Cho Gyubin. Seoul: “Chihaksa” Publishers. 1994. 335 p.
41. 한국어 표준문법. 서울, 집무당 [Standard Korean Grammar]. Seoul: “Chipmudang” Publishers). 2020 (4th print of the 1st edition, 2018 – 1st print of the 1st edition). XXXIII + 692 p.
42. 한국어의 토씨와 씨끝. 김승건 엮음. 서울. 서광학술자료사 [Particles and endings in Korean]. Compiled by Kim Seunggeon. Seoul: “Seogwang” Science Materials Publishing House. 1992. 646 p.
43. 외국인을 위한 한국어 문법, 1 체계편. 국립국어원 지음. 서울. 커뮤니케이션 북스 [Korean language grammar for foreigners]. Volume 1 – structures. Compiled by the State Korean Language Center. Seoul: Communication Books Publishers). 2005. 570 p.
Review
For citations:
Sukhinin V.E. Concept of THO in Korean Grammatical Tradition. Linguistics & Polyglot Studies. 2023;9(4):55-68. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2023-4-37-55-68
Views:
315
Email this article 