Nominative Variation of Dictionary Dysphemisms Along the “US – THEM” Axis

The study seeks to explore the status of x-phemism as a dynamic phenomenon. Using an experiential approach, it emphasizes an ethnomethodological perspective, analyzing the variation of words and expressions through the lens of the “US – THEM” concept. Ethnomethodology investigates the established norms governing interactions among individuals, which help to organize complex social realities. This social order is shaped by the creation of symbolic boundaries between different groups. While such an order may appear static, it is actually context-dependent, which makes it challenging to predict who will be perceived as “other” and who as “us” in the process of interaction. Thus, the differentiation based on the criterion “US – THEM” serves as a means of organizing the social world, and symbolic boundaries may depend, in particular, on national identity, cultural context, and situational factors. Analyzing linguistic material from contemporary English-language socio-political, marketing, autobiographical, and media discourses reveals that dictionary dysphemisms — such as ethnic pejoratives with negative connotations — can acquire euphemistic meanings within a group when there are no ethnic boundaries between communicators. Specifically, euphemization of a dictionary dysphemism occurs when the statement is made by someone from their own ethnicity. This phenomenon underscores the importance of context and speaker identity in shaping meaning. Thus, the study demonstrates that negative and positive reactions to words cannot be predicted before the interaction, highlighting the fluidity and complexity inherent in language use and social dynamics. Understanding these processes enhances our awareness of how language operates in diverse social settings and influences perceptions across communities. Furthermore, the analysis underscores the relevance of x-feminism in contemporary society, particularly in the light of the increasing importance of political correctness. It is crucial to recognize that x-phemism is not a static concept; it evolves alongside shifting standards of political correctness that reflect changes in public consciousness. These transformations significantly affect how language is perceived, especially regarding terms related to marginalized groups. Ultimately, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between language, identity, and social dynamics in today’s world.

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