This publication is the second part of the paper dedicated to the aspects of the logical analysis of the grammatical modality forms in the Portuguese language. The first part deals with the general nature of the modality in speech and language, distinguishing two levels of modality in language – a nominal and a verbal one − and seeing how they are embedded in the morphology of the Portuguese language. This part distinguishes and analyses the modi of the predicative modality in Portuguese. Several Portuguese grammatical examples are given to prove the extent to which the Portuguese verbal morphology corresponds to the logical conditions of the contextual truth of a sentence in accordance with the classical formal logic and the modern modal logic. Two kinds of modal predicative taxis are distinguished: an independent and a dependent one. The independent modal taxis operates on the basis of the laws of the classical formal logic that regulate the coordination of truth functions of the correlative sentences in the context. The modes of coordination in the independent modal taxis express one of the three kinds of logical relation between sentences: contrariety, sub-contrariety, and contradiction. The dependent modal taxis is governed by the principles of the intensional (modal) logic that determine the subordination of the dependent clause in its truth modality to the main clause. The truth modal subordination of the dependent clause to the main clause is based on the deontic opposition between the real and the possible worlds. The paper gives a logical explanation why, in Portuguese, not only the virtual, but also the real events (objective facts) are designated by the forms of subjunctive (i.e. conditionally untrue forms) tenses. Respectively, the independent modal taxis is defined as coordinative, and the dependent modal taxis is defined as subordinative one. The paper may be of interest to specialists in general linguistics, logical analysis of language, theoretical grammar, Romance languages and the Portuguese language studies.

The study presents a comprehensive analysis of independent infinitive structures with nonfinite predicates, focusing on their syntactic, pragmatic, and stylistic aspects. These clauses, which exhibit interrogative and exclamatory features, are characterized by non-standard syntax, granting them a unique place within the system of English sentences. The paper categorizes these units into three groups: 1) Infinitive structures with the particle “to” at the front (To + infinitive); 2) Infinitive structures with a topical subject (S + to + infinitive); 3) Structures with “Why + (not) + infinitive?”. Special attention is given to the first and second types of infinitive structures, which have not been the focus of prior research. These types are distinguished by specific language features, which necessitate a thorough investigation to determine their unique syntactic status. In contrast to the third type of infinitive units, two synonymous structures with the finite form of the predicate are examined to highlight differences in their pragmatic content and usage patterns. The study also presents a distribution scale of the five patterns according to their pragmatic meanings and frequency of occurrences. These models highlight the following pragmatic features: admiration, amazement, invitation, resentment, disappointment, satisfaction, solidarity, irritation, disbelief, and despair. The current study also provides a quantitative analysis of infinitive structure usage in British and American literature, revealing a predominance of negative illocutionary acts, with positive acts primarily observed in IIS1 structures. In addition, the paper has established a greater frequency of structures represented by finite verbs (CSS1 and CSS2) compared with those having non-finite predicates (IIS3). The contrastive analysis revealed significant syntactic, pragmatic, and stylistic differences between the third type of infinitive structures (IIS3) and their synonymous finite predicates (CSS1 and CSS2). Negative illocutive acts were predominant across all patterns, with positive acts primarily in IIS1. The highest frequency of occurrences was found in structures with finite predicates. Additionally, the study identified syntactic, pragmatic, and stylistic constraints on IIS3, noting the absence of to-infinitives, contrary to some linguistic claims.

The article is devoted to the study of contextually determined church lexicon as part of the lexical category ‘church lexicon’. The purpose of this article is to consider examples of contextually conditioned lexicon on the material of Russian and English languages in order to establish their belonging to the category of ‘church lexicon’.

To achieve this goal, the analysis of specific contextually determined lexical units, linguistic and extralinguistic contexts was carried out, besides, the synthesis of information obtained by reviewing the material.

The theoretical material of the present study includes dissertations, theses and scientific articles by Russian and foreign scholars devoted to the issues of context and contextual conditioning, also, works devoted to the study of such lexical categories as ‘church lexicon’, ‘sacral lexicon’, ‘liturgical lexicon’. The practical material includes materials related to English-language literary discourse, as well as their translations into Russian.

As a result of the study, it was determined that a number of lexical units naming neutral objects, architectural elements, substances and phenomena can act as units belonging to the subcategory of contextually determined church lexicon when put in the context describing the interior or exterior of ecclesiastical life.

The article introduces the concept of functional-semantic hybridity of texts, reflecting the inhomogeneous nature of texts in structural-content and pragmatic aspects, i.e. from the point of view of the types of speech, or text types, that comprise them. Most texts in French are hybrid in this regard, but the phenomenon of functional-semantic hybridity in the French language has not been widely studied. The purpose of the work is to examine the phenomenon of functional-semantic hybridity in written texts of various discourses in French and the basic forms of interaction of text types. The main material of the study was the texts of various discourses: fiction, journalistic, historical, popular science, everyday life, etc. The research procedure included several stages: examination of the concept of hybridity; concepts of speech type and text type; typologies of text types; the concept and forms of implementation of functional-semantic hybridity in the texts of various discourses in French; comprehension of the obtained results of the material analysis. In the research the following methods were used: observation, description, comparison, interpretation, classification and typology; discursive, structural-semantic and pragmatic analysis.

The article examines: the interaction of such types of texts as descriptive, narrative, argumentative, informative, explicative, prescriptive, expository, emotive and a number of others; such forms of interaction of text types as montage, collage and contamination, which represent the main forms of functional-semantic hybridity of texts and allow us to describe any cases of interaction of text types. When montage text types, the text or part of the text consists of different, successive, uniquely identifiable fragments by type. Collage is an extreme form of montage, in which the text or its fragment is characterized by the presence of a large number of text types in a small segment. In case of contamination, a text or its fragment can be simultaneously classified into two (less often – three or more) different types. The examples given in the article show that functional-semantic hybridity characterizes the textual products of many discourses. It is proposed to include the phenomenon of functional-semantic hybridity of texts in the number of text categories.

The purpose of the study is to identify and linguistically describe the means of euphemizing the concept of “disability” in the German article “Florian wäre in Werkstatt für Behinderte fast versauert – dann brach er aus” (Florian would have worked in a workshop for the disabled, but he chose a different path), dedicated to the social and labor adaptation of a young person with disabilities. The paper analyzes the means of euphemizing such a social topic as disability. The material of the study is an article on the topic taken from the German electronic informational and political weekly magazine “Focus”, which contains direct and indirect nominations of disability. In German studies, no attempts have been made so far to linguistically describe the means of euphemizing the disability topic in the German journalistic discourse on the material of one article. In the course of the study, euphemized and non-euphemized variants of disability nominations were identified in the following areas: “disabled people”, “social exclusion of people with disabilities”, “overcoming social exclusion”.

The study solves such research questions as: what nominations are relevant for journalistic discourse? What language units are preferable from the point of view of a person with a disability? The analysis has revealed that the author of the article actively uses euphemisms, since the direct nominations of this phenomenon can lead to communicative discomfort, and, therefore, need a politically correct euphemistic replacement. The material has also showed that the person with disabilities discussed in the article less often resorted to euphemisms when talking about their childhood, family, life difficulties, and profession. Euphemistically colored words and expressions identified in the work can complement the synonymous set of lexemes for disability: Behinderte, Behinderung, behindert sein, Nichtdazugehören.

The article considers the adequacy of machine translation in terms of linguistic norms in the target language and compliance with the corresponding stylistic genre. The relevance of the study is determined by the active implementation of artificial intelligence technologies that provide the possibility of machine translation, which contributes to the optimization of communication processes. The aim of the study is to analyze official press releases from English into the Russian language with the help of DeepL, an online translator. The research material included 2024 governmental information materials – press statements, media notes, special briefings, and notices to the press – a total of 35,000 words. The research methods included definitional analysis, establishing the correspondence of the target language to the source language in terms of equivalence and adequacy, semantic-contextual analysis. As a result, multiple cases of word-by-word translation, violations of Russian linguistic norms in stylistics, lexical combinatorics, and syntax were identified. Stylistic inconsistences occur due to word-for-word translation and insufficient analysis of the surrounding context. In terms of frequency, stylistic errors are classified in the descending order: incorrect translation of abbreviations, violations of lexical combinatorics, syntagmatics and morphology. Literal translation and translation-free method are applied for translating abbreviations and lexical units lacking Russian equivalents. In order to avoid violations of stylistic norms of the Russian language, a deeper semantic analysis of the original text is required for adequate selection of terms, adverbial collocations and nominative units. The identified cases of stylistic violations indicate the need to train the translation program in the methods of holistic transformation, semantic development and complex linguistic units of the official business style. Recommendations for improving the online translator’s work include learning clichéd expressions and extended syntactic constructions peculiar to the Russian official formal style, which are much more complex than the equivalent English structures.

Theatre has always been an important mechanism of knowledge dissemination; in the time of expert scientific theories and innovative technologies the task of science popularization is successfully performed by science theatre. Science theatre has a great number of cases and genres of a science play and is often a focus of interdisciplinary research. Historically, the theatre witnessed the interconnection of natural philosophy and literature; nowadays science theatre uses a variety of multimodal possibilities in line with art-science phenomenon. Also, the problems science theatre raises are of equal value both for society and for individuals. At the same time, the neurocognitive trend in the theatre contributes to the choice of human-related themes as well as the format of a science performance or a postdramatic theatre experiment. The article explores the phenomenon of science theatre in its dialectics of the social and individual, the scientific and imaginative. The literature review shows that the living organism of the theatre is much more complex than one single classification of a science play can reflect. Our purpose is to address the genre characteristics of a science play and the problem of its classifications in the modern cultural context and major directions of research. We pay special attention to Carl Djerassi’s perspective on the science play and its major features and illustrate his didactic concept of “science-in-theatre” by analyzing two plays that have not been previously translated into Russian: Oxygen (2001) and Calculus (2004). Both plays center on the historical personality of a scientist in his struggle for priority in a fundamental scientific discovery, whether it is oxygen or calculus. The path to the recognition of a scientific discovery turns out to be a test of humanity; at the same time, the principle of historical documentation and the reliability of scientific knowledge coexists with the artistic principle of showing the hero-scientist in a situation of a moral and ethical choice. The concept “science-in-theatre”, suggested by Carl Djerassi, can be debated; the article offers alternative classifications of science plays based on the historical, communicative, and thematic principles.

The article investigates the peculiarities of Portuguese and Russian football vocabulary. Not only is a comparative method used in our research, but also semantic, paradigmatic, componential, and linguocultural analyses are carried out. As a result of the study, we consider football terminology to be part of language and culture. Being English by origin, it permeates other languages, Russian and Portuguese in particular. Football terms formed the basis of the football vocabulary in the analyzed languages when football gained its popularity in Russia, Portugal, and Brazil at the turn of the 19^th – 20^th centuries. In both languages the tendency for derivative adaptation of international football terminology through native lexis, which function either parallel to international terms or completely replacing them, is carefully examined. Football terms are not real duplicates, as they have certain nuances in lexical meaning and stylistic coloring. Taking into account linguocultural reasons of the derivative adaptation of international football terminology, it is hard to ignore the fact that football vocabulary has gained the status of an important and necessary part of the national lexicon among speakers of these languages where the popularity of football is obvious. A high level of expressiveness in the football jargon of both the Russian and the Portuguese languages, along with its metaphorisation, is accounted for by the emotional perception of football both by players and spectators. The analysis of various expressive names in football jargon has revealed that the preference is given to metaphorisation and reduplication in both languages. It can be observed that in Russian expressive football names are made with the help of lexical and word-formation means. It is concluded that Russian and Portuguese football vocabulary, including official terminology and football jargon, is developing really dynamically. 

When learning a new language, students may encounter various challenges, particularly those related to the unique structural aspects of the target language. One of the fundamental and most important subjects in the field of language education is phonetics − one of the main sections of linguistics, which allows the language to focus on the physical aspects and coordinates speech sounds. Phonetics is the field that examines intonation as a means of registering utterances and creating their integrity, while simultaneously dividing speech streams into minimal units with semantic meaning.

In this article, a comparative analysis of the suprasegmental units of the Russian and Persian languages examines the prosodic differences between the compared languages in terms of tonal movement. This analysis provides an explanation for the factors contributing to the incorrect pronunciation by Iranian students in the implementation of the sixth intonation pattern. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to determine the contradictions of intonation systems of sentences in the Russian and Persian languages according to the purpose of the utterance in the speech stream within the framework of physical (acoustic) analysis and to identify factors and problems of distortion of Intonation Pattern No.6 among Iranian students and finally trying to correct them. The study is intended for Iranian students who have a fundamental understanding of the phonetic structure and the basic parameters of Russian sounds, rhythm, and intonation. Our research aims to develop pronunciation skills while simultaneously improving oral speech. Understanding intonation has become a key element of our research approach. By analyzing the acoustic signals, including waveform, pitch and intensity, obtained from the sixth intonation pattern produced by Iranian students, it was found that their speech orientation was influenced by the phonetic structure of the Persian language. This orientation differs from the way phonetic parameters are used in Russian. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that declarative sentences in both languages differ in pitch in their neutral implementation. This difference is explained by the intonation center of utterances and the position of stress in each melodic phrase.

The article attempts to characterize the ways Chinese words denoting realia are incorporated in Russian-language media texts and the methods used to describe the meanings of these words. The relevance of the research is determined, firstly, by the development of intercultural dialogue as a result of the intensification of international contacts in the global world, secondly, by the increasing importance of international journalism in the implementation of intercultural dialogue between partner countries, and thirdly, by the intensified penetration of Chineseisms into Russian speech mediated by media discourse. The purpose of this article is to identify and describe the main methods of Chinese vocabulary semantization, which are used by Belarusian media journalists when creating Russian-language media texts with different genre, thematic, and stylistic characteristics. The study draws on popular Belarusian websites texts published in the period from 2007 to 2024. The originality of the study lies in the fact that the vocabulary of Chinese origin presented in Russian-language texts of the Belarusian media is seen as a phenomenon of national Chinese culture; at the same time, the peculiarities of its use, including the character of semantization in the texts, are interpreted as professional creativity of Belarusian journalists who have a high level of knowledge of Russian as one of the state languages in Belarus. The author classifies widely used translation and non-translation methods of Chineseisms’ semantization into direct translation, back-translation, translation-interpretation, defining the meaning of a word, using contextual synonyms, using a word or word combination that represents a generic concept, etc. The combination of linguocultural and discourse analysis of specific contexts allows us to see the specifics of different ways of Chineseisms’ semantization in journalistic texts. It is shown that the discursive factors determining the journalist’s choice of a Chinese word semantization are the subject, genre and authorship of the text, also, the word’s belonging to a certain thematic group, and the word’s belonging to a certain part of the text that has its own functional load. An attempt is made to comprehend the method of a Chinese word semantization in the context of professional and creative tasks solved by journalists.

This article examines the polydiscursivity of the speech behavior of the subject of martial arts sports discourse. Polydiscursivity is seen as the interaction of discourses. A modern person must combine various social roles within one communicative situation, which requires of him to be able to operate speech tools of different discourses: pedagogical, political, military, theatrical, stage, ideological, etc. The study is aimed at describing features of the speech behavior of the subject of martial arts sports discourse based on the conceptual structure. The speech behavior of a wrestler is polydiscursive. The change of linguistic means is regulated by the speech situation and a role in the communication process. Flexibility of a switch of linguistic means allows one to increase the efficiency of achieving goals and implementing strategies and tactics. In the study, the methods of discursive, contextual and componential analysis are used. The material for this article is taken from German social networks, as well as German electronic publications. In the article, sports discourse is considered as a complex of speech genres united by one social sphere of functioning − sports activity in all its aspects. The discourse of combat sports is a type of sports discourse, where the sports activity of subjects is associated with the types of martial arts. The analysis of interviews and the selection of remarks of athletes-wrestlers were conducted. The speech behavior of athletes-wrestlers was analyzed from the point of view of the affiliation of the utterance to a certain type of discourse. The analysis of the selected material made it possible to trace the change and choice of linguistic means of the addressee depending on the communicative sphere. The study revealed that the communication of athletes-wrestlers is polydiscursive. The polydiscursivity of sports discourse is confirmed by the peculiarities of the athlete’s speech behavior. The nature of the athlete’s speech behavior changes under the influence of the nature of the communicative situation. The athlete’s speech mainly records elements of pedagogical, theatrical and marketing discourses. Due to the polydiscursivity of sports communication, a greater number of extralinguistic parameters are involved to implement the communicative intentions of athletes and a change of roles is carried out depending on the communicative situation. These results will allow us to trace the strategies and tactics used by the subject of sports discourse to achieve goals.