It has been an object of ongoing linguistic research to investigate the mechanisms of ‘generating’ words and word combinations in real speech, and defne their semantic status as lexico-grammatical units of language-as-a-system. Te article encourages the reader to look at the outlined problem from the bio-socio-cultural perspective on language as a domain of cognitive (biological and social) interactions between an individual and his/her environment. Te authors claim that the study of the lexical part of language should be different depending on whether words are analyzed in speech interactions (frstorder languaging) or in text (second-order language). Te meaning of a word is neither subjective (belongs to the reader only) nor objective (as part of the text only); it emerges every time anew from interactions of a perceiver with the perceived graphical sign which is an affordance for generating a particular hic et nunc contextual meaning. As for the grammatical part, it is asserted that the ‘generation’ of syntactical constructions is a biological ability of a human organism to renew and activate potential cognitive resources (‘storage’ of all the knowledge) which result from recursive (and recurrent) contingency with the language environment and which enable the organism to feel confdent of the success and effectiveness of adaptive acts in every new situation of the environment dynamics.

Te goal of the work is to reveal specifc features of the processes of formation of the economic thesaurus of the literary Arabic language as well as the nature and depth of the conceptual and terminological response of the Arabic linguistic space to the changes taking place in the global economy. It is noted that the Arab economic thesaurus, due to the peculiarities of formation of the lexical composition of the Arabic language, demonstrates strong semantic connections and is characterized by a clear link to the root nests, according to which the majority of Arabic dictionaries are traditionally formed. Te most characteristic regularities in the system of forming an economic lexicon within the framework of a whole ethnos are revealed, cases of the use of ready-made equivalents or the way of selection of the word-formation model for a new term or concept are considered. Te study identifed the place of foreign language terms and concluded that they were gradually replaced by semantic borrowings in the course of language correlation. Te ways of achieving semantic homogeneity in the process of mastering the new terminology are considered, and clear predominance of semantic borrowings in the system of new nominations is noted.
Conclusions are drawn that the modern Arab economic thesaurus in the overwhelming majority of cases is formed in accordance with the genealogy of the root nests mainly in the process of selecting and mastering semantic borrowings. Te process of formation occurs in strict accordance with the rules of Arabic word formation, which allows to replenish the root dictionary of the Arabic language without the formation of new nests or by the formation of secondary roots. Tis, in turn, enables rapid semantization when translated from the Arabic language and speeds up the search for equivalents.

At the present stage of the development of society, politics is deeply integrated into the communicative space of media discourse and is affected in the information environment. Te connection between language and politics is inseparable, since political processes are constituted by language, and political action is a verbal action. Reflecting and modeling the world around us, media discourse encounters the need to name new realities and new actors that appear in the developing reality. Te article is devoted to the study of current trends of the name-formation of new political parties in Spain within the framework of the discursive and cognitive approaches. In modern Spanish reality, where political discourse is treated not so much as a communicative strategy, but as a purposeful social action, the name of the party becomes part of the political game. Specifcs of political naming is its double identifcation: on the one hand, the name should fully represent the party itself, and on the other, associate it with the part of electorate whose interests it protects. Te efciency of the party’s name, dictated by the degree of its pragmatism, performativity and empathy, determines the special role of parties as key actors in the national political space.

Te article is devoted to the problem of means and ways of exerting influence on the reader. Mass media does it through its interpretation of the covered events. Te character and the mode of interpretation depend on the stance of the author in the broad meaning of the word. Any political text is based on the archetypical opposition “we-they”, “ours-theirs” which with centuries has become cultural dominant feature thus creating contradiction. Any controversy presupposes use of weapons. Mass media uses its effective weapons of declarative and manipulative devices which affect the addressee and change their behaviour. Declarative devices are expressed verbally thus being more explicit. So they aim at “we”, “ours”. Manipulative devices are implied rather than expressed openly, since manipulation means an intentional and covert way of making the addressee act according to the will of the addresser. Te article looks at several manipulative devices concentrating mainly on an alternative situation whose problem cannot be solved. Te article analyses two types of division: differentiation which is defned as a phenomenon of segregation foregrounding the opposition “we-others”; and contrast which introduces controversy and confrontation with the opposition “we-enemy”. Te given analysis of manipulative devices seems actual especially in the context of teaching foreign affairs department students to work with political texts as such and comprehend the complexity of the global political situation.

Te article considers stylistic and pragmatic characteristics of Russian advertising with the aim of analising the linguistic status of advertisements within professional communication. Te formation of advertisement pragmatics through a complex interaction of language units is exemplifed by an advertising sketch and advertising slogans. Advertisement style identifcation is ambiguous due to a combination of different style and genre features.
Te author argues that advertising should be qualifed as a special type of media discourse. Advertisement discursive characteristics comprise semantic and pragmatic density, the ability to generate semantic accretion in the process of text actualization, specifc psychological impacts on the recipient. Te article accentuates the signifcance of sociocultural and psychological guidelines for achieving the desired effect on the addressee. Advertising discourse pragmatics is determined by the necessity to solve two main tasks – informing and urging. Teir efciency is ensured by persistent targeting of all speech components at the relevant communicative purport in view of the initial communicative conditions and the target audience.
Te author concludes that the discursive features of advertising as social and cultural practice need to be delivered to representatives of business circles in the process of their professional training.

Te expansion of the phenomenon of geosynonymy in the Italian language is due to the coexistence of the standard Italian language and a large number of dialects and their variations in a single language space, which characterizes a signifcant linguistic and cultural fragmentation of the country. Te use of literary standard language in oral communication, which has always been the domain of dialects, inevitably led to multilevel interference and the formation of regional variants of Italian, which absorbed, in particular, diatopically labeled lexical units of dialectal origin. In some situations, when communicating in Italian, people of different geographical areas may face misunderstanding. Te aim of this article is to examine these phenomena in the contemporary Italian language, to analyze the dynamics of the occurring changes and the affecting factors, to reveal general patterns and trends in the development of the described processes. Te question of the tendency to reduce the number of Italian geosynonyms along with the vocabulary unifcation of regional variations of the language, or to expand the phenomenon, is becoming extremely relevant, given the increased interest in dialects among Italian youth, their parallel or mixed use with Italian, including the written form.

Te issue of Business English discourse pragmatic impact is examined in terms of functional linguistics which assumes that the signifcance of language forms lies in reflecting extralinguistic contents by linguistic means. Te author proceeds from the priority of the speech impact function in business communication and makes a point that information perception by the addressee can be predetermined to some extent through such means as specifed combination of lexemes and data structuring in the way that enhances and puts favourable data to the foreground and disguises or drives undesirable information to the background of the text semantic system. In that case even the mere rendering of true facts can help to form a certain additional impact on the recipient.
Te author analyses the interrelation between the sender’s communicative intention and the actual speech effect on the addressee. Te article gives the defnitions of “communicative intention” and “business communication”, looks at the basic principles of speech impact (accessibility, associativity, expressiveness and intensiveness) and ways of their implementation in the text. Te most prominent effect is achieved through the common impact of these principles on the communicative partner.
In conclusion the author emphasizes the necessity of instilling in future specialists clear understanding of the importance of these aspects for successful communication, and of elaborating efcient methodology to develop students’ communicative competence.

Te paper analyzes paired phraseological units and associated composites – one of the types of idiomatic complex signs in the Old High German and Middle High German periods in the development of the German language. Te authors aim to identify the moments of the external world, the characteristics of persons, objects, processes and phenomena that are reflecting by means of the paired phraseological units the linguistic picture of the world of the people who lived in the Middle Ages in the Old High and the Middle High German linguistic areas. Te language structures under consideration are used to indicate a person’s social group membership, objects and phenomena of the same kind and order, create the effect of enhancing the quality of the described objects. Paired phraseological units can form somatisms to express both positive and negative spiritual and physical characteristics of a person. In addition, paired phraseological units help to present the spatio-temporal important location of the people of the Middle Ages, the most common human actions and processes occurring in the world around them.

Tis article is devoted to the use of irony and humour in the functional feld of modern English business mass-media discourse which is a somewhat atypical environment for these stylistic means. Functional-linguistic analysis of vast empirical material gives an opportunity to understand why authors of articles in British and American periodicals use comical elements to describe phenomena of the world of business. It also helps to defne the systemic role that linguistic means of creating humorous effect play in the realization of an article’s functional-pragmatic potential. As a rule, in mass-media discourse the purpose of a jokey utterance is not to criticize but rather stimulate analysis and improvement. Ironic text mass media, on the other hand, is expressively emotional and implicitly actualizes disapproval, criticism and negative attitude of the author towards the object of speech. A hidden form of subjective evaluative modality makes irony an effective means of pragmatic modifcation. Irony and humour are special means of pragmatic impact that give journalists a chance to improve modern mass-media discourse aimed at both informing people and putting across opinions, values, criticism. Surplus comical effect, which is achieved through the realization of the functional loading of the ironic/ humorous elements of persuasive rhetoric, gives an easy way to impose key ideas on the audience.

Te article studies the life and work of William Clark Faulkner (1825-1889), the greatgrandfather of the famous writer. It examines how much of the real Southern Colonel-Cavalier is reflected in the legend and to what extent his fgure is mythologized. We compare the real Colonel with the characters of W.K. Faulkner’s books. Te main work of Colonel Faulkner as a writer is the novel “Te White Rose of Memphis”, which became a bestseller in the South. Te genre peculiarity of the novel “Te White Rose of Memphis” is considered typical of Southern prose, with allusions to works by Walter Scott, W. Shakespeare and W.G. Simms, the main novelist of the South of the 19th century. In the focus of the article is the ideological content of the novel, the transformation of the canons of the Southern Chevalier’s image. Remaining formally faithful to them, Faulkner breaks with it ideologically, presenting a new type of a hero who abandons the outdated in the new unifed America Code of Honor of the Southern Cavalier. Combining the virtues traditionally attributed to the North (practicality, business mind, calculation) and the South (courage, generosity, benevolence), the new hero is able to reconcile hostile ideologies.

In the modern process of learning languages attention is paid to the development of communicative abilities. Tat is why while working in the classroom it is not enough to just improve phonetic and grammar skills or to learn new words, it is also important to study socio-cultural identity of the representatives of other cultures, their habits, beliefs and values. Our work focuses on discovering and analyzing some elements of nonverbal behavior of the speakers that show cultural differences of various linguistic communities and the correct interpretation of which requires additional extra-linguistic knowledge. As an example we will examine similarities and differences in verbal and non-verbal behavior of Russians, Spaniards and Latin Americans. Correct combination of verbal and non-verbal languages will help to avoid “shock” and failures while contacting with individuals from different cultures and will guarantee an efcient intercultural communication.

Te article examines the image of Palestinians in English-language young adult fction on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as perceived by the Israeli side. Te analysis is carried out within the scope of a new interdisciplinary feld of research, i.e. linguistic imagology, which is focused on the linguistic means of creating an image of a foreign people. Te article reveals theoretical aspects in the functioning of an imagological image, describes the structure and linguistic imagological mechanisms in the formation of the image of Palestinians as “the other” side of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. An image is more complex than a stereotype, though the former can sometimes transform into the latter, which occurs in the speech of teenage Israeli characters from the books under analysis through the use of mythologems and labels. Te author’s speech and the speech of older characters indicate a more mature perception of the other side in the conflict, which is actualized in the use of aphoristic sayings. Te dichotomy “we-they/ we-you” reveals the tendency to transform the opposition between civilian Israelis and Palestinians into their unification within one semantic group, which in its turn is opposed to the Israeli authorities and Palestinian leaders of extremist groups. Te results of the research demonstrate the writers’ attempts to overcome stereotypical perceptions of Palestinians by introducing a profound imagological image of the latter

Ian McEwan is one of the best-known and controversial contemporary British novelists. Atonement, which is regarded as the best of McEwan’s novels and was shortlisted for Booker Prize in 2002, is a successful combination of traditional realistic narrative with modern experimental techniques. It displays features of modernism and postmodernism such as stream of consciousness, multiple voices, narrative montage and flashbacks. Te narrative possesses a characteristic of hybridity in that it combines different genres and styles of writing into the framework of metafction. Te article explores the above mentioned techniques applied in Atonement which reinforce the artistic beauty of the novel and render excellence to its narrative. Te ingenious hybridization of Atonement, the combination of multiple points of view with narrative montage makes it an outstanding novel and literary creation.

Te article is devoted to one of the so-called “eternal fctional characters” (literary archetypes) of World Literature Ahasuerus. Te author makes an attempt to determine the place of this literary character in a number of other «eternal» personages, Prometheus, Faust, Cain, Don Juan and so on. Te article identifes the feature of the Ahasuerus character that results in fundamentally different nature of its interpretation in various literary works, namely, the lack of binding to the story, and therefore unlimited possibilities for plot constructing. Te article provides an overview of various folk and annalistic sources of the Ahasuerus story and concludes that the Wandering Jew makes an appearance in literary works afer the publication in 1602 of the pamphlet of four leaves about Ahasuerus. Te author of the article comes to conclusion that the appearance of the frst literary interpretations of this legend in Germany at the end of the XVIII century is quite natural. It is connected with the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) movement and disappointment with the ideas of the Enlightenment. Based on the works of I.V. Goethe, K.F.D. Schubart, N. Lenau and R. Hamerling the article shows that the interpretation of the legend about Ahasuerus depends on the literary movement, which can be attributed to the work of these writers: Enlightenment classicism, pre-Romanticism and Romanticism.

Alexander Pushkin’s “Dubrovsky” is discussed in the article primarily as the history of the revolt of the peasants (in support of his master), which is the main event of the story contrary to the popular opinion on this work as a criminal love story, which has not abolished the idea of revenge, but complicated bloody skirmish and the lack of a successful outcome. Te fact of the rebellion, on the one hand, exposed the Patriarchal foundations of society, on the other – has discovered the danger of a split society due to in-class strife rather than class struggle.