The paper is dedicated to the study of lexico-phonetic loanwords from exterior languages into Literary Arabic. The article analyzes linguistic and extralinguistic causes of lexical borrowing as well as phonetic and morphological features of the borrowed words. The author also proposes a classification of loanwords in an attempt to fill the gap in the existing research on the subject.

The article deals with the English language pronouns from the point of view of their ability to serve as alternative nominative units the use of which is dictated by speech etiquette. The approach adopted in the article required the solution of a number of theoretical questions: 1) what is nomination from the linguistic and epistemological point of view; 2) what are the types of nominative units in terms of their being or not being fixed in the language system, and also the principal differences in the nomination in language and speech; 3) whether pronouns can be considered nominative means; 4) what is the peculiarity of the denotative aspect of the meaning of pronouns; 5) what functions of etiquette does the variation of a nominative unit, a pronoun in particular, perform? The article concludes that the socalled “non-naming “ words (those intended for the actual deictic function-pointing to a concrete object of reality, as well as those having universal, generalized meanings) denote objective attributes of objects, and therefore it is appropriate to talk about the denotative meaning of pronouns. However, these are attributes that are not inherent in a given object permanently, they are such which an object can possess only relative to another object. And from this point of view ideal denotata of deictic and universal words are relative (I, you, it, etc.). Being the reflection of objective attributes, on the one hand, and being relative, on the other, makes them suitable for substituting both “naming” words, and other types of “non-naming “ words in the process of performing the functions of etiquette. The article gives examples of both ways in which pronouns are used as a means of speech etiquette.

Analyzing ‘deep state’ and its translation into Russian, the article dwells upon cognitive grounds for choosing calque to translate new words in political discourse. The paper reveals that in this case calque is an appropriate if not the only suitable choice. Political discourse is highly abundant in new words and coinages today. New concepts verbalized by English neologisms enter in the long run the political discourse of other linguocultures. The choice of the strategy and the means of translation require considerable cognitive effort on the part of the translator. On conceptual level structural-semantic calques of English new words can be presented by models of structural-semantic analogy which are marked by enormous nominative potential. As the analysis shows, similar metaphtonymic and metonymic projections underlie the semantics of neologisms both in English and in Russian. The projections reflect resemblance in verbalizing the same concepts. Calque is not considered an advisable way of translating neologisms, especially from English into Russian, since it is said to contribute to overstuffing the language with English loan words. However, linguocognitive analysis of ‘deep state’ illustrates that all beforementioned factors condition the choice of calque as a feasible means of rendering new verbal units, namely their structure and semantics.
The conclusions presented in the paper pose an interest to linguists, translation researchers and professional translators.

The article offers the authors’ view on basic concepts of Russian and English professional languages of aviation and forestry. We use the method of semantic fields to define the culturally significant concepts and to reveal the number of words and collocations as well as the structure of nuclear and peripheral thematic groups in the professional languages studied. The words and collocations are grouped around a common archiseme in their meanings, which is viewed as the centre of the field. The research shows that the professional languages of aviation and forestry contain words and collocations that manifest three basic concepts correlated with three semantic fields: Artifact, Activity, Person. The hierarchy of the most significant concepts is similar: for both the Russian-speaking and the English-speaking professional language personality, professional artifacts, not colleagues are of greater importance. Objects and phenomena of nature are also on the periphery of professional nomination. The specificity of each of the professional languages is manifested in methods of nominating separate referents. A high degree of isomorphism is revealed in the degree of emotivity and evaluativity in the semantics of the studied words and collocations: disphemization of professional nomination is achieved due to the presence of coarse, derogatory or ironic semes.

The aim of the research is to work out a framework for a diachronic analysis of the concept COLD WAR. The paper aims to uncover some of the changes that the concept COLD WAR has undergone over time. The study shows that while within the concept-scenario COLD WAR there exists a number of components that largely remains unchanged, these elements develop due to changing extralinguistic circumstances (e.g. subframe IDEOLOGY). Moreover, the content of some of the elements may change in the course of time, which proves that the concept COLD WAR needs to be further exposed to scientific scrutiny.

The article explores the usage of participle II of strong verbs with -en and -et flexions in Danish. The current grammatical norm remains uncertain, which makes these forms a debatable subject among linguists. Examining the status of verbal forms with -en inflexion, we trace their origin and genesis in the Danish verb paradigm, as well as their syntactical features throughout the development of the Danish language. The analysis shows that verbal forms with -en inflexion have transformed to standalone grammatical form, which can be defined as ‘participle adjectives’.

The article investigates the phenomenon of implicitness and examines various means of temporal location of a future action in the English discourse from the standpoint of the theory of reference and functional semantics. In the present research we analyze leaders/ editorials from The Economist and The Guardian, on the basis of which we set out to explore discourse units pertaining to different levels (primarily utterance and supra-phrasal unit); within this corpus temporal characteristics of separate language forms and structures with future meaning are hence established through componential analysis. In the research we also endeavor to propose a two-stage cognitive model of generating and interpreting linguistic devices that implicitly render the sense of future temporality. As is shown in the article, semantic conclusion concerning the implicit temporal peculiarities of a future action is drawn by the addressee with account of the point of time and the point of reference of the written text. The research suggests an explanation of the possible incongruence between the input presuppositions and the output implications in the process of inferring the temporal location of a future action. The analysis of different implicit future structures is conducted regardless of the modal component of the meaning of verb forms. The importance of modality is recognized, but in-depth analysis of the aspect is reserved as a starting point of further research.

The article examines the lexical, syntactic and stylistic transformations of Deng Xiaoping’s maxim “it doesn’t matter if a cat is black or white so long as it catches mice” in contemporary Hispanic media. Originally describing economic models, the “cats” metaphor has become increasingly common in reference to a variety of spheres, including business, sports, education, and politics. The results of the study can be used in courses on cultural linguistics and intercultural communication, stylistics of the Spanish language, and for practical training of translators and interpreters.

The article draws on F. de Saussure’s methodology to compare two public systems (institutions): the language (as verbalizator) and law (as regulatory structure) as different semiotic systems. To study the legal structure, Saussure’s parameters (the division into internal and external aspects, the arbitrariness of the sign, the linearity of the signifier, the mutability/immutability, continuity, difference/sameness, syntagmatic/paradigmatic) should be expanded. We propose adding the parameters that characterize the iconic system from material and structural points of view (the hierarchical, pyramidal, systematic approaches, relationship of the genus/species, the public/private), as well as the principles and means of expression of the fundamental legal categories of normativity.

The article relies on contrastive analysis to reveal the peculiarities of polysemy of substantive words in languages that are not closely related, namely, German and Spanish. Drawing on linguocultural and cognitive analyses, we explore the similarities and differences in how these languages develop metaphoric meanings. The research aims to study the types and subtypes of metaphoric and metonymic transfers. The analysis shows that, despite sociocultural differences, Spanish and German exhibit more similarities than differences. For example, in both languages metaphoric transfers are more numerous than metonymic ones, at the same time being less regular. The research paves the way for futher investigation and will be of interest to lexicographers and language teachers.

The paper dwells on two major aspects overlapping within the sphere of children’s literature: the age-based peculiarities in effective reading and understanding of the tale and, therefore, the major requirements of translation aimed at the above mentioned age groups. The textual peculiarities highlighted stem from the target groups that might get interested in the tale. The tale is particularly important as a typical sample of Kipling’s writings aimed at both developing imaginative thinking and moral education of children achieved through particular set of stylistic expressive means. Since the language play is one of the focal and fundamental features of this tale, the foremost aim of this article is to analyze the appropriate perception of the language play contextualizing it within the relevant translation for comprehensive understanding. The objective is to reveal the response of different age groups of readers of both source and target texts by means of contrastive analysis.

In the focus of the article are the notions of “translation” and “language intermediation” which are contrasted and specified, the types of language intermediation in the practice of bilingual mediated communication and the reasons of addressing them. The purpose of translation is determined in the article as a most perfect kind of linguistic mediation though very often neither economic nor pragmatic one. There is given the differentiation between translation proper and synopsis, abstract, retelling and free translation. It is noted that there are always inner contradictions in the process of translation caused by two often incompatible requirements to translation: to provide speech communication on a par with natural communication, on the one hand, and to render the peculiarities of the original text in a target language, on the other. The ways of overcoming translation difficulties are offered in different types of texts and on the basis of limitation of ethnocultural adaptation, motivation and minimal translation transformations. The mentioned principles allow to set translation apart from other kinds of language intermediation, to achieve communicative adequacy of the original and target texts preserving maximum of their linguistic similarities and to adapt translated text to perception in a target ethnoculture.

This article analyses the main concepts of the work published in 1937 by the famous Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset “The misery and splendour of translation”, unusual in its form and content and a landmark in the history and theory of translation. The article of José Ortega y Gasset has not lost its relevance for the modern translation theory. We revealed implicit contradictions in José Ortega y Gasset’s views on translation. On the one hand, the author considers translation an utopian pursuit and unrealizable intention as a result of divergence between languages, different views of the world and traditions of understatement. On the other hand, the Spanish scholar examines translation as a special literary genre with its own standards and purposes. Translation implies variation of the adequate decisions and two contradictory approaches to it: domestication and foreignization. Translator’s activities are highly intellectual and as a result of them there appears the aesthetic value of translation. The ideas of the Spanish philosopher about the problems of translation remain the source of scientific research in the sphere of translation and interpretation. In our article we analyse the ideas formulated by José Ortega y Gasset in respect to their application to modern translation theories and pay special attention to the centuries-old problem of translatability and untranslatability, which has important meaning for the history and theory of translation. Though José Ortega y Gasset expresses in his famous article pessimistic views on the art of translation, he admits on the whole practicability, necessity and importance of translation.

The article explores the mechanisms of creating irony by means of “the vertical context” in Agatha Christie’s works. The aim of the analysis is to study the ways of translating allusions, quotations, words denoting realia, toponyms etc. into Russian. Translating the vertical context is one of the most complicated and controversial tasks in the theory and practice of translation. The research will help translators of fiction to set the main principles and methods for their solution.

This paper deals with the opportunities of teaching the fundamentals of simultaneous translation in a non-linguistic higher educational establishment by means of optional courses conducted by the Chair of the German Language at MGIMO. The article describes major features of simultaneous translation as one of the types of translation competences and its difference from other types of translation. Cited are typical features of this activity and the spheres of its application. The article also shortly dwells on the qualities and competences which a student must possess in order to successfully master this type of activity and the opportunities for their development within the course. The author supplies some types of exercises employed in the process of training in simultaneous translation.

The article is focused on the linguistic and stylistic analysis of the extracts from Ameen Rihani’s “The Book of Khalid”, an example of contact or cross-cultural literature. The Arab American author masterfully expresses the East-West dyad and describes the clash of the two ideologically opposing views. The linguacultural category of “our-their” opposition is examined through the prism of language and culture. The analysis brings to light how the writer’s ideas and viewpoints corresponded to the general criteria of cultural studies and post-colonial principles.

The article deals with The Chinese President’s New Year messages in the view of the theory of communication. The emphasis is made on the non-verbal side of communication - the context of New Year addresses. The external and internal contexts of New Year’s messages are analyzed. Context is examined in the synchronous and diachronic aspects. An attempt has been made to identify the specific features of the context and to show its role in ensuring the coherence and integrity of the communicative event - the New Year’s messages of the PRC President.

Over the last decade efforts to unify standards of foreign languages teaching have also been made in Russia. Oriented at teaching foreign languages for practical purposes, MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations) is one of the first higher educational institutions that joined the Bologna process. Indeed, many steps have been made in that direction: programs of foreign languages teaching have been modified, special new programs dealing with specific linguistic aspects have been introduced (linguistic country studies, professional translation and interpretation courses etc.), new materials for studies have been published. An attempt to accede to the European standards of mastering a foreign language is sometimes explicitly declared. However, goals as well as conditions of language learning in our institute differ much from those laid down in “all-European competences”. Our presentation is devoted to possible ways and limitations of using European standards in teaching Czech (testing) and assessing student’s knowledge in training non-linguistic specialists in Bohemian studies.