The article presents the results of a comparative analysis aimed at identifying stereotypes of the language and cognitive stereotypes realized in 1412 precedent texts of three professional cultures: civil aviation, forestry and equestrian sport. We also used nominative units of the professional languages under study as additional material to confirm the main findings of the research. The study demonstrated that the links between stereotypes of behavior, language stereotypes and cognitive stereotypes characteristic of the professional cultures are the links similar to those of the referent, sign and concept. Information about the behavior stereotypes and cognitive stereotypes of professional communities is accumulated by generations of professionals and stored in the professional language and precedent texts. Successful socialization of a new agent of a professional institute implies acquisition of stereotypes on all levels, i.e. language, cognition and behavior, and prepares a professional to communicate and act in standard and non-standard professional situations. It is revealed that professional communities verbalize stereotypes of low communication register in a limited range of substandard genres: sayings, (anti) proverbs, aphorisms, superstitious beliefs, jokes, tales, toasts, ditties. The thematic symmetry of cognitive stereotypes is realized in various precedent texts about work, professional pride, objects of professional activity, opposition of groups of people, danger, fears. The revealed ways of referent nomination in low register texts are dysfemisation and irony.

Political discourse abounds with political meanings, manifest and hidden ideological preferences, has a national-cultural coloring. Such features of political discourse make its perception largely subjective and individual.On the other hand, language as a means of communication has a dual nature − an expression plane and a content plane. The latter in the form of lexical, grammatical, stylistic meanings, which are present in a person’s linguistic consciousness, is that essential, ontological basis that allows language in the process of speech communication to form the invariant basis of the pragmatic functional of the text which is independent of the subjective-individual features of the its perception.

Communicative-semantic and pragmatic modeling can be an effective tool of exploring the tangible, language basis of the pragmatic dimension of the text excluding its connection with the peculiarities of subjective and individual perception.

Semantic modeling shows the result of selection and inclusion of informative, descriptive and other semantic data in the text.

Semantic-communicative modeling is realized in the form of the semantic-communicative model based on the size of a lexico-semantic field and the semantic-communicative model based on the frequency weight of such a field. These models make it possible to identify the illocutionary stance of the text and measure it in words and frequency characteristics and determine the main communicative-pragmatic explicators of the text.

The functional and pragmatic perspective of the text is based on the pragmatic explicators of the text, semantic (contextual) fields into which they are embedded, and the compositional structure of the text.

The article focuses on the variability found in German abbreviations with toponyms as used in periodical press. From the data of 14, 000 units – abbreviations frequent in the field of management and economics – were selected those with toponyms and subjected to careful examination. There is adduced an official code system of countries, regions and territories, including the international twoand three-letter systems proposed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), automobile codes of the countries, three-letter abbreviations determind by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). There are given reasons of deviations from accepted abbreviations, which are the tendencies for compression, avoidance of homonyms, and desire to make a place-name more recognizable, which are mostly characteristic of the legal field, requiring precision and clarity. The reasons of deviations from the established norms of abbreviation typical of toponyms are their stylistic functions of expressivity they perform in advertising texts and periodical texts in general.

Based on the analysis of lexicographic and phraseological sources in the Russian, Ukrainian, British and American linguo-cultures, the author distinguishes the main cognitive classification features within the content of the linguo-mental sub-sphere FAMILY and singles out a number of linguocognitive categorial clusters of the given linguo-mental space in the analyzed linguo-cultures.

The aim of the article is to make a comparative analysis of the formation of the linguo-cognitive categorial clusters within the structure of the linguo-mental sub-sphere FAMILY in the Russian, Ukrainian, British and American linguo-cultures.

The study is based on the examples fixed in different lexicographic sources and selected by method of continuous sampling.

The following linguo-cognitive categorial clusters within the structure of the linguo-mental sub-sphere FAMILY have been singled out: 1) family as a union of relatives connected (not connected) with the ties of blood who live together; 2) family as a total community of all the relatives connected and not connected with the ties of blood; 3) family as a professional group of people; 4) family as a social and cultural society.

It has been proved that the nucleus of the sub-sphere FAMILY, universal for all the analyzed linguocultures, is comprised of a wife and a husband who are relatives not connected with the ties of blood and who constitute the minimal composition of a full nuclear family. The discriminated components of the analyzed linguo-mental sub-sphere are joined in a unified structure based on the unanimity of ways of life, responsibility, mutual aid and respect.

The article analyzes the role of speech verbs in the implementation of verbal empathy in communication in Spanish, describes their meaning in speech activity as cognitive and evaluative predicates. There are studied the existing approaches to the definition and classification of speech verbs and the features of their use in the process of dialogue communication. The use of speech verbs is considered in terms of their functionality in the implementation of empathic speech acts. On the basis of existing research, we propose our own classification of speech verbs, allowing one to express empathy better, taking into account the specifics of vocabulary, grammar and syntax of the Spanish language. The examples describing empathic processes in Spanish communication using speech verbs are taken from the novel by a Spanish writer Torquato Luca de Tena “Tortuous ways of God’s Providence” (Torcuato Luca de Tena “Los renglones torcidos de Dios”), as the content and language features of the novel give extensive material for research. The conclusions made are about the special functions of speech verbs as units that formalize empathic statements that contribute to the establishment and maintenance of harmonious communication, and also about significant differences in the linguistic forms of empathy in Spanish and Russian.

Analyzed are three word-concepts: “communication”, “information”, “propaganda”, their differentiation and interaction, their relationship with word-concept “discourse”. Described are changes of their function in modern mass media, new forms, genres, styles. Highlighted are new theoretical problems within specific scientific paradigm – communicology. Shown is the continuity of scientific problems associated with the theory of communication, rooted in previous scientific paradigms and forming new scientific trends and their clustering around a particular problem of communication studies, which has grown into communicology.

Particular attention is paid to the problem of communicative risks in mass-medial communication, the problem of communicative ecological safety, as well as the problems of changing of the general tonality (expressivization and emotionalization) of all types of human communication and especially their dehumanization, one of the results of which is a certain deformation of the communicative personality of discourses of different types. Attention is drawn to the decrease in the responsibility and authority of journalism and the growing distrust to the media.

The obtained results are a generalization of the critical comments and thoughts of the journalists themselves, and the views of users of the Internet resources and bipolar mass-media tools, printed and nonprinted. Naturally, the main attention of the author was paid to special scientific researches devoted to mass-medial communication.

This essay deals with the phenomenon of gemination and the functioning of geminate consonants that play a significant role in the phonological system of the Arabic language. The author distinguishes two types of geminate consonants in the Arabic language − the primary type with geminate consonants representing strong phoneme with a significative function, and secondary type that appears as the result of phonetic processes. The author shows regularities of phonetic transformations leading to the emergence of secondary geminate that causes changes in the structure of a word, which no longer fits into a sustainable model of Arabic word-forms. The regularities concern mainly doubled verbs and verbal nouns. In conclusion the author assumes that the secondary gemination in the Arabic language is the result of the action of the general linguistic law of economy of articulatory efforts, enhanced in the process of colloquial Arabic development.

Translation, as a kind of linguistic mediation, is the process of creating a text in the language of translation that shall be equivalent in terms of communication to the text in the original language. In this ideal case, the text of the translation should have the same emotional impact on the information recipients as the original one. However, in practice this is not always possible, due to various reasons of linguistic and extralinguistic nature. In order to achieve communicative equality, texts in different languages are subjected to adaptation. The significance and role of adaptation increase with respect to the texts containing national-specific elements. The texts on a political subject can be rightly referred to such ones. In German, they are distinguished by the presence of emotionally colored vocabulary and politically engaged units, for example, deonims, derived from the names of politicians (merkeln, Merkelianer, vor sich hin merkeln, Vermerkelung, etc.). The appearance of such words in the German language is connected with the actual events of social and political life, and from the linguistic point of view − due to the euphony of the producing basis. Native speakers hardly experience any difficulty in “deciphering” such names, because they are familiar with cultural markers-specific individuals and the situation associated with the emergence of a new word. Difficulties arise when translating such texts into Russian, since the deonim is a means of secondary nomination and does not have an equivalent in the language of translation. In this regard the question of the possible adaptation of the original text in the process of translation and its boundaries is of specific interest.

The article analyzes for the first time the evolution of the theme “antagonism” in the political discourse of the Spanish party “Podemos” between 2014 and 2018. Publicist materials and the party leaders’ speeches given in the mentioned period constitute the subject matter of the research. Particular attention is paid to the origins and effectiveness of the theme “antagonism” in the context of political communication of the Podemos party. Among the methods used are discursive method and content analysis. The work demonstrates how the political institution using the discursive methods of pragmalinguistics is able to achieve the transformation of socio-political reality and why errors in drawing up a discursive strategy may entail a reduction of electoral support. The typical metaphorical model «ANTAGONISM», examined in this article, gives an idea of how the cognitive-linguistic mechanism of political discourse works in relation to other pragmalinguistic means.

The article may be of interest to linguists, political scientists, Hispanics, specialists in the field of political marketing and communication.

The article focuses on the structural peculiarities of Sybil by Flora Rheta Schreiber (1973), the plot structure in particular. The novel has become one of the first non-fiction interpretations of a life of a character suffering from a dissociative identity disorder (multiple identity disorder). It is possible to highlight the phases of a character development by analogy with phases of archetype models in myths and fairy tales. The story of Sybil reminds of many other stories, but it has a renewed content. The phases of a character’s life cycle (such as Departure, Partnership, Liminal phase and Transformation) remain unchanged, which proves that the basis of folk culture is relevant for modern literature. Interruption of the flow of events can be seen as one of the main building blocks of narration. Narratology deals with interpretation of deviations in chronological descriptions of events. The break in chronology in the novel is connected with psychoanalytical underpinning of the novel. Psychoanalysis is aimed at finding the reasons of the distress in the past. That explains why the symptoms come before the reasons in the novel.

Sisterhood, which is defined as a close bond among women that accommodates female friendship and affection, is a major motif in the fiction of contemporary Chinese woman writer Chen Ran and Chinese American writer Amy Tan. In their story telling from female perspectives, both writers touch upon, although with different emphasis, sisterhood as a source of women’s consolation and salvation. The article conducts a thematic comparison of the two writers’ portrait of sisterhood, the affirmation of which is a powerful means to revolt against male hegemony. The analysis of Chinese and American sociohistorical realities is also carried out to account for the variations of the role that sisterhood plays in Chen Ran’s and Amy Tan’s writing. It is hoped that more textual-based studies of intercultural communication could be conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the interactions among different cultures in today’s global society.

The article focuses on the study of the directive speech act “order” to identify attributes that characterize it. There are given the definitions of directive speech acts and the directive speech act “order”. There are compared different kinds of directive speech acts. The used material serves to highlight the most widespread means of performing order. While performing a directive speech act the speaker tries to have an impact on his interlocutor. To influence the interlocutor using speech acts, one has to use a number of language means. Communication is successful if language means are selected correctly and the conditions of the speech act implementation are observed. The interlocutor’s reaction will testify to this success. Of great interest for us is indirect directive speech act “order” because in order to make communication smooth, certain conditions should be observed. Using the methods of content-analysis, semantic analysis, the analysis of the pragmatic context and the method of modeling in this article, we have tried to identify conditions that influence communication in the process of the directive speech act “order”. Our model of the analysis of this speech act may be of use in a further speech acts study. The usage of the model presupposes the comparison of the direct and indirect speech acts. The model can help to reveal the dependence of direct and indirect speech acts on the type of the sentence, on the time form, the explicit use of performatives and on the intonation. The model gives an opportunity to differentiate between the categories describing social contexts. With the help of this model there can be worked out an algorithm of actions, typical for certain kinds of speech acts.

The article is focused on Japanese etiquette norms in writing a letter. Being means of ceremonial and etiquette interpersonal communication, letters play a substantial role in the process of establishing and maintaining relationships both within the Japanese society and with representatives of other cultures. The letter etiquette implies observance of national epistolary traditions. In Japan – a country with a highly contextual culture – special attention is paid to non-verbal means of communications. This imposes certain restrictions on the style of letter writing, determines not only their content, but also their configuration. The article is analyzing nationally specific rules of composing written messages with an emphasis on non-verbal signals, expressing respect towards addressee. There are also considered restriction in the use of a certain lexicon and hieroglyphic idiom.

There are given reasons for the necessity of observing traditions of epistolary style. Violation of the established rules may result in miscommunication and, thereby, lead to creation of uncomfortable environment for communication. Linguo-cultural analysis of the epistolary style helps to identify specific features of the Japanese worldview, their specificity of communicative behavior and also helps to trace its reflection in interpersonal and social interaction.

The present paper is devoted to the study of linguistic peculiarities of the category of time in the literary text. Particular interpretation of time, complex interweaving of various time layers, breaking up the chronological order of events, interruption of their sequence are especially significant for the literary texts of the XX century. Artistic time is a representation of actual time from different points of view; it is a peculiar aspect of the artistically depicted reality and at the same time a constructive element of the text. The course of time in the literary work is different from real time, since the author can select those events that, from his/her point of view, are the most significant and, on the contrary, compress less important ones. The research is carried out on the basis of psychological stories of the English writer Muriel Spark. In the centre of Muriel Spark’s stories is the inner world of a person which is revealed by means of time shifts, compression or extension of time frames. All sorts of time deviations, time shifts, violations of real sequence of events arouse interest of scholars who examine time relations in the literary text. In our research of the category of time we use methods of textual and structural analysis which show that storyplot order of events does not coincide. It creates an effect of mystery, enigma that a reader should solve. Artistic time in the analyzed psychological stories is being represented by means of lexical and stylistic devices, different repetitions and parallel constructions. The most important role in the formation of the category of time belongs to the text structure. The basic means for expressing time in the studied texts are flashback and flashforward.

Nowadays, an innovative approach to the philological disciplines teaching presupposes the introduction of novelty in the learning process, caused both by the modern education peculiarities, current needs, and potential opportunities of students. A critical view on perception of the surrounded environment and the desire to organize the appropriate professional and cultural environment around us implies the constant inclination of the philologist to seek new knowledge, to fully realize his own intellectual potential. The use of interactive teaching forms, methods and technologies, including collaborative creative activity of the teacher and students, presupposes the individual contribution of each member to the educational process. Development of such skills as searching for, structuring and application of the required information is of crucial importance. Knowledge, acquired in the process of activity learning, becomes the property of the student and enables him to be more effectively involved in the professional activity. The formation of linguistic, communicative and cultural competences is the priority task of modern philological education. The core issue is communication − interpersonal, intercultural and interethnic. And if we take into account the fact that the global world is a text, then the main purpose of philological disciplines studies is to teach students how to read and interpret a great variety of texts in order to convey the presented ideas about the world and mankind to the community in an available and intelligible way.

The purpose of the present article is to analyze the current situation of Spanglish as a linguistic, social and cultural phenomenon, as well as to give various arguments in favor of or against teaching this phenomenon to the students of Spanish as a second foreign language.

Nowadays there is still no common opinion with regard to the degree of acceptance and recognition of this phenomenon. There are those who consider Spanglish as a dialect or a version of either Spanish or English, those who classify it as slang or even those who believe that we are dealing with the formation of a new language.

The current linguistic situation compels us to put special emphasis on teaching Spanish as a second foreign language at MGIMO University, which specializes in teaching languages for specific purposes. Taking into consideration the multipolarity of Spanish, its study should encompass knowledge in the field of social linguistics, the study of geography, economy and politics of countries as well as intercultural communication. Therefore, the study of the Spanglish phenomenon seems to us very relevant and important in the framework of teaching Spanish as a second foreign language at MGIMO.

The article proposes some ideas of how to work with the subject of Spanglish while teaching Spanish as a second foreign language. It gives some examples of activities aimed at exploring the interaction of English and Spanish, with the indication of their objectives and the skills they are meant to develop.