The article highlights some aspects of modern political communication in Germany. Various linguistic and extralinguistic factors determine the relevance of the problem. The main purpose of the article is to look at the sphere of “language and politics” from the point of view of their interrelation, to demonstrate the power of the language of politics on public opinion and on the political situation in the country. To this end, the article describes the language of politics within the terms of political linguistics, offers a classification of political vocabulary, and characterizes the word-symbols, such as Liberty, Safety, Democracy, Terrorism as a reasonable way of expression and differentiation between words and political content. It is noted, that political communication as an ideological discourse is aimed at the fight for power, while the main task of the language of politics is the fight for vocabulary, which ultimately is the fight for the voter. The desire to influence the political preferences of voters in conditions of aggravation of the migration crisis in Germany dictates the need to consciously choose the words: to increase the importance of their position in public opinion or to mobilize their own supporters, use positive words-banners, such as Peace, Fairness and Safety. To reduce the importance of the position of the enemy or verbally attack his political opponent, use negative words-labels, such as Terrorist, Islamist and Extremism. On the example of actual concepts of migration discourse welcome culture, leading culture, farewell culture the article examines the strategies and tactics through which political communication is a struggle for vocabulary, thus showing the correlation of language and policy.

Migration policy of European countries and public opinion are interconnected. Mass Media have great impact on public opinion towards migrants themselves as well as the state policy in respect to the latter. Although the problem of migrant representation in traditional Mass Media has been studied extensively, the way migrants are represented in modern media space is still to be researched. The given study is devoted to the review of representation of migrants in media texts in Great Britain during migrant influx.
The data of British National Corpus (NOW) is analyzed using the methods of text analysis, contentanalysis and lexical associations analysis. While implementing the abovementioned complex of methods we intend to reveal explicit and implicit information in the given corpus. As a result, it was concluded that there are two different types of representation of migrants in the British media texts (migrants doing damage to the hosting society and migrants provoking solidarity movements). Another important topos is insecurity of migrants at the labour market. Public is very much concerned about the exploitation of migrants and violation of human rights. However, the “real” stories of the migrants are rarely heard.

The article investigates the phenomenon of temporal implicitness and examines different means of temporal location of a future action in the English discourse from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics and functional semantics. We chose to base our research on the texts of leaders/ editorials from The Economist (one of the most influential British journals, the language of which is a good example of modern standard British English), which provided the corpus for the present paper. The examples for our analysis were selected by means of continuous sampling. In the article we explore time-related characteristics of various discourse units describing a future action. In the research we also make an attempt to create a classification of implicit means of future time reference and analyze the peculiarities of generating and interpreting time-implicit texts. The article suggests a universal classification of implicit temporal structures and demonstrates the difference between the sets of implicit means of denoting a past and a future action. In-depth analysis of modality and of “Future-in-the-Past” constructions is reserved for further research.

The article is devoted to the problem of interpretation of the political text and reveals the influence of political speech on the addressee indirectly through mass media communication. The author comes from the assumption that mass media aims at making the addressee interactive, with the communication role of the latter showing itself in the dialogization of the monologue. One of the most frequent and effective linguistic devices is question in the monological speech. The article reveals realization of three communicative models of functioning of this phenomenon created by the author: informative-gnoseological, expressive-emotive, rhetoric-declarative. All the functions of the analyzed models aim at increasing the pragmatic impact of the text thus enhancing its effect on the audience. So, informative-analytical article and political essay from English magazines and newspapers for the last twenty years were in the focus of the analysis. The results of the research could be used both by scholars in linguistics and by students at the newspaper class.

This paper dwells on the worldview specifics of the military subculture representatives as reflected by dichotomous dyads of phraseological units. Given the phraseological fund is the main material for analysis of a national mindset specifics, the authors emphasize that ethnic phraseology and socially-marked military phraseology have a great deal in common. Phraseological imagery makes it possible to consider peculiarities of the military personnel’s worldview, to reveal moral attitudes and values of the military.
Contemporary linguistics stresses out the need for a comprehensive study of the military subculture mentality as an integral part of the national culture. This issue has defined the authors’ aspiration to record the system of spiritual and moral dominants of the military ethos on the basis of socially-marked dichotomous dyads of phraseology. The cognitive field of “War” military idiomatics includes phrases reflecting ideals and anti-samples of military subculture, the spectrum of approved and reprehensible behavior, as well as military lore singularities.
The national language phraseological units, extending key values of the military subculture as a nuclear component of the military society, register professional dominants and obvious anti-values of the military milieu. This article concludes that socially-marked phraseological units with special symbolic potential possess explicit evaluation and expression, and reflect stereotypes of mass linguistic consciousness.

The article analyzes the practice of compiling monolingual and bilingual Amharic dictionaries. The main emphasis is placed on studying the microstructure of the lexicographic works under consideration. Modern Amharic lexicographers face important tasks related to the study of theoretical and practical aspects of dictionary-making based on the analysis of Amharic lexicographic works already produced, as well as the necessity to take into account the achievements of world lexicography. In our opinion, lexicographic parameterization could enable the authors to determine the main characteristics of the dictionary they want to compile, and select the most appropriate form for the description of language materials. Adherence to common principles and methods of dictionary-making, along with the study of the accumulated positive experience, will allow one to maintain continuity of lexicographic works, especially important when compiling terminological and learner’s dictionaries; it will also help to overcome the shortcomings in Amharic lexicography and open new prospects for its further successful development.

The article investigates lexical and stylistic features of translating diplomatic documents, identifying the difficulties in the translation of personal notes – congratulatory telegrams – into Russian. The article highlights that the documents of diplomatic correspondence in the Portuguese diplomatic discourse have a standard compositional-architectonic structure, resulting into the standardization and repeatability of the stylistic and lexical means used in them. The article analyzes the structure of the congratulatory telegrams, stressing out such parts as the appeal, the initial compliment, the body of the telegram, the final compliment, and personal signature. For each of the document structural parts, the writer identifies the most characteristic language models and gives their translation into Russian. Many equivalents when translated become lexical clichés and apply strict use. The attempt to achieve lexical equivalence and somehow uniformity in translation of diplomatic documents results in borrowings of the original text forms of the language into translated text, with the maximum possible copying of the structure of the document. Observance of diplomatic traditions and the preservation of the structure of the original language and its features is one the most important requirements to the translation of the diplomatic documents.

The article, based on the material of Spanish publications “El País”, “Expansión” and others, analyzes various means by which expression and figurativeness in economic discourse is created. A linguistic-stylistic analysis of the articles of the period 2009 − 2019 within the framework of a systemfunctional approach with the focus on interpretation and competence factors of translation, allows not only viewing genre features of economic discourse in Spanish journalism but also elements of national and cultural mentality represented in it. Only taking into account these elements it is possible to translate and interpret Spanish texts correctly, including various means of linguistic figurativeness. Not without reasons do we pay special attention to the equivalence of translation. It consists in identifying and preserving the semantic content of the source language text in the translation language, with stylistic and expressive components of the former. That is why we give additional comments on translation, where there are register mismatches in Spanish and Russian economic discourses. Besides, in the latest decade there has been revealed a tendency of a more frequent use of some stylistic devices to create figurativeness in Spanish economic discourse.

The paper is topical because of the contemporary linguistic interest in the text and discourse research, as well as of the need to review some components of the widely spread late ХХ century theory of functional-semantic types of speech. The work is devoted to the identification and analysis of different types of descriptions in the texts of belles-lettres, bookish and colloquial functional styles. The incompleteness and fragmentation of the study of the specifics of the description in different functional styles determine the novelty of the present work. Special attention is paid to identifying the role of the narrator in the belles-lettres description, which suggests the need to take into account the category of the perceiving subject in the analysis of descriptive fragments, despite the formal “withdrawal” of the subject from the structure of the description. The paper reveals the dominance of description-characteristics and contaminated descriptions in the scientific and official styles with a small proportion of visual descriptions. The specifics of colloquial and publicistic descriptions are established. The work shows that the colloquial description gravitates to inconsistency, incompleteness, the presence of repetitions and verbosity. It is proved that publicistic descriptive texts are characterized by dualism in verbalizing the properties of an object. The role of individual description elements (for example, details) in the texts of different functional styles is revealed.

The article is focused on the comparison of concept “bread”, a culturally marked unit of the concept sphere “food” and the most important dominant of the Russian national identity, with its Spanish equivalent “pan” in the Iberian and Mexican versions of the Spanish language, and identification of the elements of the concept sphere “food” in the above mentioned variants, equal in importance to the concept of “bread” in Russian. Paremias of the Russian language, the Spanish language, and the Mexican Spanish with the “bread” / “pan” component were studied to determine the features of their implications. While analyzing the paremias, it was revealed that it is impossible to use parallel paremias in translation into Russian and Spanish because of the connotation differences phraseological phrases acquired in the course of their evolution. The proverbs with the “pan” component in the Iberian version are compared with their equivalents in the Mexican version to determine elements comparable in their evaluations to the “pan” component. The article may be of interest to linguists who specialize in studying the Iberian Spanish and its variants in Latin America, as well as for translators and translation teachers.

The article presents a systematic typological classification based on the general qualifications of mononuclear nominative sentences. A systematic classification more accurately determines not only the categorization of nominative sentences, but also their place in the system of single-component sentences, since it is based primarily on constructive syntactic criteria of the second order of value. Such a classification model is applied for the first time in connection with these proposals.
In the history of the study of mononuclear sentences, the systematic classification of mononuclear nominative sentences, as is known, involves the distribution of material according to the principle of residual division. Moreover, the signs that are the basis of the division should not be repeated at various stages of classification. Moreover, the subject of classification should not be considered only within its varieties. A systematic classification should begin within the framework of mononuclear sentences in general, since varieties of mononuclear sentences are elements of a wider system.
We propose, as already noted, to begin a general system classification on a purely syntactic basis, i.e. on a system feature that contrasts the constructive-syntactic models of mononuclear sentences with the actualised models of mononuclear sentences.

This article discusses counter-communicative practices in the works of the Greek avantgarde writer M. Mitras (1944–2019). One of the key representatives of the Greek experimental literature, Mithras had a significant impact on the third and final stage of the formation of the national literary avant-garde, which took place in the 1970s. This period can be characterised by the transition from the dichotomy of “hybrid avant-garde” and the conservative line of modernism to the pluralism of avant-garde strategies of writing. Regarded as a representative of the «concrete poetry» international movement, in his prose works Mitras followed a number of strategies widely used in the American «language-centered writing». Counter-communicative practices were used by representatives of both tendencies in order to subvert the passive role of the reader and to encourage him to become an equal participant of the creative process. Identifying these practices in the works of the Greek author, analysing their role and consistency with theory and practice of rep-resentatives of the avant-garde movements with which he is associated, offers a new look at Mithras’s work and opens up new perspectives for the study of avant-garde formation processes in Greece.

For many centuries língua geral, the language of the Tupinamba tribe, was the language of inter-ethnical communication between Europeans and indigenous peoples. Marquis de Pombal’s decree Diretorio des Indios (1757) has formally forbidden the usage of língua geral and made Portuguese compulsory in all levels of communication. Portuguese was one of the main tools in achieving Portuguese hegemony in the colonies. The concept of monolingualism was implanted in Brazil in the period of Estado Novo (1937-1945): immigrant communities in the South were persecuted, a person could get arrested for using native language even at home. As the result of monolingualism policy only 170 local Indian languages survived − out of more than a thousand, and many immigrant descendants lost their national identities. Nowadays the language policy in Brazil has dramatically changed: the 1988 Constitution recognizes Indians’ rights for national languages, Indian schools teach in the native languages, the unique versions of German (Pomerano and Hunsrückish) and Italian (Talian) are supported; even Portunhol that exist in the border regions of Brazil and Uruguay is now recognized as the language of an unique mixed culture.

We will soon celebrate the 400th anniversary of archpriest Avvakum, the pioneer of Russian literature, and the legendary header of old believers rock-solid in his principles. He came into the world in early 1620 and lived a glorious life of a saint martyr who never abjured his faith despite all persecutions and sufferings.
The leader of old believers, he never accepted the church reform. However, the archpriest Avvakum marked the history of our country not only as an extraordinary clergyman but as an outstanding publisher, who made an enormous contribution to the formation of Russian literature. «Zhitiye (Life) of Avvakum», the main work of his life, is written in the language coherent for contemporary readers. He imbues his sorrowful narration of his life with colorful epithets and figurative comparisons. The archpriest was among the groundbreakers of our literature who used dialogues to give more drama to his timeless prose. Avvakum was the first to tell the story about himself not as a great martyr. He wrote about himself offering his readers, his fellow believers in the first place, his own biography starting from his birth and to his expulsion to Pustozersk, an inaccessible northern town which ceased to exist nowadays. He had spent 15 years of his life in the earthen prison together with his fellows. All of them were burnt at the stake in Pustozersk on April 14, 1682.
Still, the book of Avvakum is not only the story of his life and the struggles he had against his religious enemies. The archpriest proves to be an outstanding expert in geography, flora, fauna, and nature. He brilliantly describes all of those using various literary techniques. He knew the everyday life of his time really well and therefore he skillfully shared his attitude to the world around him.
The article focuses on this particular part of Avvakum’s work, which has not been often highlighted in the previous researches.

The article considers the methodological basis for developing grammar materials for a modern tertiary level FL coursebook: a communicative and competency-based approach, within which the principles of authenticity, multimodality, contextuality, relevance and a multilevel approach in task design are implemented. Grammar is regarded as an essential component of a FL course being instrumental in developing not only communicative competence, but also higher order thinking skills. Thus, the goals of teaching/learning grammar are defined as communicative and cognitive. The goals determine a grammar materials writer’s objectives: 1) to integrate grammar into a profession-oriented FL course, 2) to develop an effective system of exercises; 3) to make the materials usable in mixed-ability groups. Types of exercises as well as approaches to selecting, sequencing and presenting grammar items pivot on the above principles. A system of goal-oriented exercises, including three main types: analytical, semi-communicative, and communicative (drill exercises are meant for out-of-class practice) is suggested. Illustrations of the main points from the grammar section of an English language coursebook developed by the author and the results of employing it are provided. It is concluded that a modern concept of a FL coursebook and a specific author’s competence are central to developing effective grammar materials.