The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical basis of autonomous secondary naming processes and scrutinizing the issues, related to this type of naming in the scope of modern Arabic lexicology as a productive means of assigning meanings to concepts.

The article reviews approaches of native and Arabic authors to the comprehension of the phenomenon and features of autonomous secondary naming (in modern Arabic linguistics – ‘Al-Majaaz’).

The paper deals with morphological nuances of word formation and specific aspects of functioning of lexical units formed as the result of Al-Majaaz. It also touches upon semantics of secondary autonomous units.

The article shows the correlation between autonomous secondary nomination units and single-word semantic borrowings (loans). Morphological characteristics of single-unit loan words and the reasons of their functioning in Modern Literary Arabic are also subject to study.

The paper considers the prospects of autonomous secondary units functioning in the context of their interconnection with polysemy, homonymy and synonymy.

This paper will be of interest for students, who study Arabic and lexicology, semantics and morphology issues, as well as for translators interested in word formation processes.

This article is devoted to the study of digital economy terminology and its consideration from the point of linguodidactics. The object of analysis were the causes of “digital English” emergence in people’s lives, the importance of learning, research and systematization of digital terminology and the necessity of this research for professionals and everyone who uses economic and digital terminology or is related to the preparation of any type of didactic material for teaching or self-education. Based on the scientific research of specialists in the field of Economics and Linguistics, the article acquaints the reader with the concept of the English-language digital term, its nature and features, as well as highlights the issue of its semantic, structural and functional characteristics from the point of view of linguistics and linguodidactics. The article briefly presents different types of classifications of English-language digital terminology, the most frequently used strategies for translating these terms into Russian, which makes the study particularly relevant in the issue of synergy of Finance and Linguistics.

The authors emphasize that either correct or incorrect understanding of the essence and laws of interaction between the Digital, Economic and Linguistic spheres can lead to a correct or incorrect understanding of business processes, computing spheres and their transformations into digital data. Thus, the study of digital terminology, accurate understanding of situations and opportunities for its use in various fields is very important for successful implementation of the economic and technical tasks.

Specific examples of modern English-language vocabulary of digital economy terms are performed as a material for the study.

Beyond doubt, one of the main concerns of linguistics is an understanding of the generative mechanisms underlying language behavior and speech production. The article offers a synthetic view on the epistemological problem of the observer as a cognitive agent and languager constructing his/her own world in language and his/her own language in the world (Merleau-Ponty). With reference to the lingvophilosophy of radical constructivism and enactivism, the author makes a case against the objectivist, realist and representationalist stances popular in mainstream linguistics. It is claimed that objectivity is the linguistic illusion of the observer which emerges through abstractions and reflections wherein perceptual objects become ‘as-if perceptual’ (cf. Vaihinger ‘Als ob reality’), i.e. reference frames re-presenting (substituting) this or that empirical material. Any sensorimotor interaction may become part of the observer’s experience to generate imaginative material in cognitive operations and operations upon the results of these operations. Language is thus a condition for the existence of the observer: it is emotive experience construction from the sensory material in and through abstractions and reflections. Outside or beyond this experience the observer as a subject and subject-matter does not make sense. This is why semantics, concepts and meanings of words, can be considered as a human’s way and domain of acting all in one.

The article discusses the issues of identifying the semantics of individual lexical units functioning in computer-mediated communication using the methods of free associative experiment and linguistic text analysis. The results of a comparative analysis of the associative-verbal network of the lexical unit Mitleid according to the German language thesaurus, a free associative experiment and the analysis of the contexts of using the lexeme in the social network Twitter are presented. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that it proposes a model of discursive text analysis taking into consideration the results of psycholinguistic experiments. The relevance of the research is due to the interdisciplinary approach to the problem of analyzing the text of modern media. The semantic dominants of the distribution of the token Mitleid in the context of its use are as follows: 1) an indication of emotional experience of varying intensity; 2) an indication of the target and performer of emotion; 3) an indication of the cause and / or relevance of the emotion in a communicative situation. It is stated that the same signs were identified on the basis of the analysis of the reactions in the German thesaurus and a free associative experiment, while the largest number of uses and associates reflect the conceptual content of the word under study. The authors conclude that a large number of conceptions and emotional-evaluative reactions and contexts expressing a personal attitude to reality may testify to a significant role of the concept Mitleid / empathy in virtual communication.

The article aims at presenting a procedure of systemic description of the linguistic characteristics inherent in lexemes in Germanic languages. The present research is of a complex nature. A complex approach exercised to achieve the goals of the research suggests addressing a number of consecutive descriptive tasks pertaining to particular linguistic aspects, to wit: etymology, morphonology, semantics and word-formation. The analysis focuses on the Old English noun ‘weorold’ intended to examplify the typical formal procedure of description. The scientific methods used in the course of the research are as follows: descriptive method, comparative-historical, etymological analysis, morphemic analysis, distributive analysis, method of oppositions, component analysis. In the aspect of etymology the lexical correlations of the lexeme under study and its morphological components are detected in cognate old and modern Germanic languages. In the aspect of morphonology the analysis focuses on the morphological structure of the noun ‘weorold’ and its evolution in the Old English period as compared with the prewritten period. There also is some study of the phonetic factors and processes which conditioned the phonemic composition of the lexeme ‘weorold’ and the interaction of its phonemes as separate entities. In terms of semantics attention is largely paid to the development of the main meanings. To this end an inventory of all the dictionary meanings with contextual examples is provided. In the aspect of word-formation the productivity of the analyzed lexeme as a word-forming basis is put to scrutiny. The compounds formed on the basis of the noun ‘weorold’ are noted to feature a unity of semantics provided by the word-forming basis that they share. The article may be of interest to linguists who do research in Germanic studies, lexicology and history of English.

The present paper aims to define the status of x-phemisms as dynamic phenomena. A detailed analysis of the research data taken from English socio-political discourse presented in a range of English-language news sources, such as The Guardian, The Seattle Times, ABC News, The New York Times, English media discourse and dictionaries of Contemporary English has been carried out. The paper finds that x-phemisms are non-linear phenomena. Thus, when distinguishing between euphemisms, dyspemisms and orthopemisms one should take into consideration diachronic meaning change, the previous context, the current context, intention, subject-object relationship. For instance, in particular contexts ethnic pejorative words irrespective of their negative meaning can perform a function of either euphemisms or dysphemisms, which depends on the feelings of similarity or distinction generated by ethnic boundaries and experienced by the speaker. The paper reveals that an ethnic pejorative word is dysphemistic once it refers to the ethnic group the speaker doesn’t belong to, but becomes euphemistic once applied to one’s own ethnic group. This illustrates contextual and pragmatic nature of x-phemisms. The proposed approach to the study of x-phemisms has several empirical and theoretical implications for further research on these phenomena.

The disappearance of inflexion -es from the noun groups denoting quantity or measure (eine   Tasse Tees > eine Tasse Tee) is in the focus of the article. In the groups without distribution partitive genitive was dropped in the XVIII century already. However, the genitive remains in the groups extended by attributes. In contemporary German there are several syntactic types of such groups. Groups with attribution can be formed by means of the genitive case (ein Glas warmer Milch), prepositions (Hunderte von jungen Mädchen), cordination of both nouns in case (einen Becher heißen Tee) and attachment (mit einem Strauß schöne Blumen). A corpus of examples from the press of Switzerland is adduced in the article to demonstrate the dependence of syntactic construction on the semantics of nouns denoting quantity. All quantitative nouns have been divided into three groups: Squant 1 noun by the designation of the numbers (Paar, Dutzend, Hundert, Drittel …); Squant 2 + Ssg and Squant 2 + Spl noun c by the designation of a measure and quantity (Gramm, Liter, Pfund, Stück, Glas, Flasche…); Squant 3 the noun, designating totalities of the living beings and objects (Gruppe, Mannschaft, Herde, Schaar, Schwarm, Bukett, Strauß). The study has showed that not only has the genitive not disappeared from the analyzed groups but it also remains in certain cases a predominant form of subordination.

The article presents the model of professional translator competences related to three levels of the ‘second language personality’. The article describes the development of translator competences (communicative, extra-linguistic and specialized ones) on the basis of the well-formed competence in the basic branch of study (the student’s major). Taking stock of the earlier research that has studied the relation between thinking and speech, the authors look into the process of generating the utterance on the basis of a stable mental image that can be interpreted in other language codes. The language interpretation of a conventional familiar mental image requires communicative skills, background knowledge and practical experience. In this case the language interpretation is regarded as an analytical and synthetic process that interpolates similar mental images into the base of stereotyped utterances in a specific subject matter developed through speech experience. Practical translation skills can be built on the basis of well-developed communicative competence and enhanced specialized translator competence.

The article highlights the need to introduce integrated programs that include several LSP areas, as they may facilitate the development of the specialized translator competences on the basis of the knowledge in the LSP area of the student’s major in the mother tongue and the communicative competence in the foreign language.

The main goal of the research is to analyze the concept spheres of wedding presented in the Russian language. The theoretical significance of the study is in working out the theoretical basis of the specific language units study and the models for analytical work, in the description and generalization of the results of the analysis and the conclusions made. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its materials and results can be used in further studies of semantic systems of languages, in works on cognitive linguistics, in bilingual lexicography and phraseography, as well as in the preparation of general and special courses in lexicology, phraseology, paremiology, cognitive linguistics, lexicography, linguodidactics, read in universities of the Republic in undergraduate and graduate courses. The novelty of the research consists in determining the corpus of lexico-semantic, phraseological and paremiological units of the Russian language, verbalizing the “wedding” concept, as well as in revealing its cognitive characteristics. The methods applied are comparative, seme and cognitive ones.

The article dwells upon precedent phenomena in the French protest discourse of 2018-2020. The authors of the article analyze the precedent phenomena used in the slogans of the Yellow Vests movement, as well as opponents of the reform of the French pension system proposed by French President Emmanuel Macron. The analysis of the content of posters and graffiti that were published in the media and social networks made it possible to ascertain the high frequency of accessing precedent situations and texts, identifying their main sources, explaining the reasons for referring to these sources, and tracing the transformation of precedent statements in new contexts, and also understand how recently emerging protest movements, in turn, are becoming precedent. The results of the study led to the conclusion that the role of precedent phenomena is important, which perform not only informational, but also emotional-evaluative functions, which contribute to the consolidation of citizens in the struggle for their rights. It was also concluded that the cognitive base of foreign linguistic culture is necessary for successful communication and an adequate interpretation of texts created by representatives of this linguistic culture, and therefore the realities of the socio-political life of the country of the language being studied. The article contains a large number of examples. The article may be of interest to experts in the field of political discourse, communication and translation/interpretation. It can also be used for the purpose of linguistic and cultural studies.

The article considers the language situation in modern Morocco, as well as the place of the Arabic literary language in the whole social and communicative system of Moroccan society, its problems and ways of their solution. The role of the Arabic language as an important factor in strengthening and preserving the unity of the Arab nation and its historical Arab-Muslim identity is enshrined in the Moroccan Constitution. However, the multiethnic composition of Moroccan society and the desire of the indigenous Berber population to strengthen the role of the Amazigh language in all spheres of life, the colonial past and still strong position of French and Spanish associated with it, as well as the active penetration of the English language – all these create certain difficulties for the Arabic literary language to be used in other spheres but assigned (religion, media, publishing industry, international contacts, education and a number of others). High-level educational institutions are called upon to solve the emerging problems and minimize the challenges faced by the Arabic literary language in Moroccan society. Among such institutions, Abdelmalik al-Saadi University in Tetuan occupies an important place. Its faculty of Literature and Humanities, the faculty of the Foundations of Religion and the Dialogue of Civilizations, as well as the King Fahd Graduate School of translation in Tangier, have developed unique Arabic language programs training specialists for scientific, cultural and social spheres of life and activities. These programs allow not only to master the Arabic literary language, but also to actively use it in the era of modern technology.

For the first time the article presents a comparative analysis of intercultural communication on the example of the analysis of stereotypes of the French, Italian and Russian languages. Students who study Russian as a foreign language, use it for intercultural communication, in which the difference of the interlocutors’ cultures can give rise to a “conflict of cultures”. The task of the teacher is to bring students not to an ethnic conflict but to the crossroads of cultures. The article aims at defining and distinguishing such terms as intercultural interaction, aculturation and deculturation, stereotype, cliche using methods of interactive, and conceptual analysis and the method of dictionary definitions. To date, there is no single methodological basis, which could allow to combine different approaches to the problem and to clarify the definition of interaction. Social nature of all communication processes, inter-cultural communication, in particular, requires analysis of the problem in the system of linguistic and cultural research, which is the most complete and qualitatively new understanding of the processes of formation and development of intercultural interaction, as well as determining the mechanisms of formation of a multicultural personality capable of successful socialization in the global world. According to some researchers, teaching intercultural communication can create contradictions with one’s own cultural identity: there is a fear of losing orientation in the usual socio-cultural space, losing identity, and losing support of your group. The article proves that the process of intercultural communication between the French, Italians and Russians at the lessons of the Russian language helps to eliminate the origin of such conflicts. The principle of openness and controversy in the organization of the learning process serves as a natural method to prevent such situations. The latter should be perceived by students as a search process in which both the cognitive and emotional levels of consciousness should be involved.

This article focuses on linguistic and cultural aspects of Peruvian toponymical periphrases through the analysis of the linguistic material and surveying native speakers of the Peruvian national variant of Spanish language as informants. The motivation and structure of Peruvian toponymical periphrases is analyzed from the semiotic point of view. The most frequently used lexemes in the formation of the periphrases are classified by their meaning. The complex analysis of 70 toponymical periphrases for Peruvian cities shows the richness of motivating features and proves that they create emotional and evaluative parallels for traditional toponyms. Such components as ciudad, tierra, capital, sede, cuna, joya, perla are recognized as onomastic dominants in Peruvian toponymical periphrases. The authors also put emphasis on homonymic coincidences of toponymical periphrases in Peru and in the neighbouring countries like Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador and Brazil.

The similarities in the motivation of South American toponyms are classified as: associations with ancient European cities (Rome, Athens, Sevilla, London); associations with climatic conditions (viento, eterno); signs of local industrial development, characteristics and achievements of the population; self-perceptions (loyalty and devotion, cordiality and hospitality, friendliness). The derivation of parameters of toponymical linguistic creativity of South Americans in general is considered as possible scientific perspective.

Being a part of the Chinese cultural area, the Korean Peninsula adopted Chinese characters and literary language in the first centuries C.E. Nevertheless, its colloquial language remained native Korean, genealogically and typologically different from Chinese, and in the first half of the 15th century the Korean alphabet was created. From the end of the 19th century, Korean was proclaimed the official written language, although the mixed script was mainly used (Sinokorean words were written in Chinese characters, and native words and grammatical formants in Korean alphabet).

After liberation from the Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945), both the North and the South proclaimed abolition of writing in Chinese characters. But unlike the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, in the Republic of Korea the transition dragged on for more than half a century. And though at schools of both Korean states Chinese characters are still being taught, young generation has a rather low level of their knowledge.

Upon thorough analysis of current South Korean newspapers and other materials, the author has made the conclusion that nowadays the usage of Chinese characters even in the South is extremely limited and is in fact occasional and depends on: 1) the topic of the text (it is present more widely in historical and classical literature); 2) the need to distinguish homonyms and difficult words with an unclear meaning; 3) writer’s preferences. Using Chinese characters is a personal choice, and one can choose to replace them with more wordy expressions instead.

At the same time the article concludes that it is necessary to teach Chinese characters in certain quantities to students, including those majoring in Korean studies at non-linguistics universities including MGIMO. This recommendation takes into consideration, first, the existence of a huge layer of Sinokorean words (social and political vocabulary, terminology), which requires elementary knowledge of Chinese characters for better understanding; second, the task of reading current South Korean newspapers with some Chinese characters used, not to mention older publications written in mixed script.

Proverbs are a very important part of culture; they are also an important tool for effective communication and understanding models of behavior of different nations. In conditions of dynamic expansion of modern world knowledge, national specifity of other culture helps to understand each other better.

The purpose of this article is to compare stereotypes of a nation’s behavior through analyses of paroemia, to reveal through paroemia the traits of character common to Chechen, Russian and English people which are expected from their representatives in their cultures. The main aim of this study is comparative analysis of paroemia, which show man’s personal qualities of Chechen, Russian and English cultures. Comparative analysis of parameological material in Chechen and English languages allows us to see the specific worldviews of each nation.

The relevance of this article lies in the fact that in our modern world, with developing international cooperation, knowledge of cultural specificity of communication comes to the fore.

As the result of this analysis we have got the classification of paroemia which shows personal qualities of each culture thus enabling us to understand the worldview of each nation.