The article is devoted to studying means of representing the value concept ‘tolerance’ in the speech of modern German-speaking youth. The purpose of the research is to determine the place of tolerance among other values of the modern German society and to systematize the language units that reflect commitment to this value. The research material consists of 50 short documentaries created by the German-speaking YouTube channel ‘TRU DOKU’ and released in 2020–2021. The speakers’ value systems are reconstructed by means of analyzing their evaluative statements. The latter are divided into explicit direct, explicit indirect and implicit ones, depending on the degree of their compliance with the generalized formula of evaluative statements derived from background reading on the topic. In the course of the study, the speech products of the project participants are examined for the presence of language means that help to convey evaluativeness. The list of such linguistic means includes adjectives, nouns, verbs of general and specific evaluation, intensifying adverbs and particles, predicates of opinion and perception, comparative constructions, including the ones in the form of metaphors and phraseological units. Special attention is paid to emotive and emotive-associative vocabulary. In addition, the semantics of lexemes used in the context of evaluative statements is taken into account, which can also be used as a source of information about the speakers’ value systems. As a result of the analysis, it was found that implicit evaluative statements prevail when it comes to displaying ‘tolerance’ as a value. In addition to the listed types of language units, the verb sich wünschen is widely used to express wishes and hopes, modal verbs and the verb lassen are employed to convey attitudes towards tolerance and the opposite, undesirable situation of discrimination. Furthermore, the construction “egal + indirect question” and the cliché “jemanden so nehmen, wie man ist” are relatively frequent. The semantics of lexemes in the analyzed contexts enabled the inference that the participants of the videos encourage the viewer to make a cognitive effort in order to better understand other cultures and behaviors. The general conclusion about the place of tolerance in the value system of the German-speaking youth is that this concept is currently gaining more ground, but is not yet a generally accepted value, as evidenced by a large number of explicative constructions in the speech of the participants.

This paper presents a functional analysis of the grammar of the article in Portuguese. The article is seen as a morphological category that serves to differentiate the modes of substantive nomination in speech. A special status of the article in Portuguese, compared with the other grammatical categories, is underscored. Unlike other categories, that are mainly illustrative, serving to describe the object, the article characterizes the subjective mode of reference of the sign to the object. The function of the article has three aspects: true side (referential basis), pragmatic (communicational stress) and stylistic (cultural value). Several linguistic approaches to the article, covering these three functional aspects, are examined. Three modes of substantive nomination are pointed out: definite article nomination, indefinite article nomination and without article nomination (d/a-nomination, i/a-nomination, w/a-nomination). The functional meanings of the three nominative modes are correlated with all functional semantic aspects: referential, pragmatic and stylistic. The difference between the grammar of the article in substantive word-combinations and the grammar of the article in predicative constructions is outlined. On the one hand, it is an attributive and complementive grammar of the article within a substantive phrase. On the other hand, the article marks the function of a syntactic actant in the sentence. At this level, the article obtains the capacity to be an instrument to stress the rhema accent in linear structure of the utterance. At this level too, the article reveals its stylistic function. The paper presents a number of examples that show the use or omission of the article in the sentence according to its function. A brief summary presents the parameters of interpretation and differentiation of various types of substantive nominations in Portuguese with regard to the function of the article: reference, indication, quality, rhema-stressing, context newness. The paper may be of interest to the linguists specializing in the sphere of grammar of Portuguese and other Romance or German languages.

The article is devoted to the study of anthroponymic occasionalisms-contaminants – lexical innovations created on the basis of anthroponyms, used in publications of the Spanish-language media within the framework of the communicative strategy and creative potential of the language game, implemented during the dynamic process characteristic of modern Spanish socio-political discourse. Objectives: a) to identify models of this method of word formation and b) to establish the type of relations realized between the components of the above-mentioned derived words. The anthroponyms selected by random sampling from the publications of Internet publications are studied, considered as objects of language game, on the basis of which, as a result of deliberate wordmaking, accidental formations are created – contaminated formations expressing, in addition to nominative meaning, expressiveness and emotive coloring. In the analysis of the material, the method of component analysis of the word was used; the wordformation method of studying transformational techniques; the method of contextual analysis, which allows to identify the communicative parameters of the use of language units and contextual features of the implementation of their meaning in the text; descriptive-analytical method to identify the essential characteristics and features of the linguistic facts under consideration against the background of extralinguistic factors; the classification method and the method of linguistic and stylistic analysis, focused on identifying the specifics of individual word usage due to the communicative and aesthetic tasks of the author of the text. The relevance of this study is due to the attention of linguists to axiological issues, the increasing regularity of the use of language play in the media space in particular, contamination as one of the means of expression in the Spanish-language media at the present stage, using anthroponyms as an object. Anthroponymic contaminated formations are growing quantitatively and becoming more diverse, and there is a need to systematize their models and study their structure and semantics. As a result of the examination carried out on a certain array of initial data, semantic-stylistic, axiological functions of contaminants – mainly defamatory, invective – are established, in accordance with the pragmatic goals of the author of the text. The models of creation of anthroponymic contaminants by both occasional and conventional wordformation means are identified and systematized.

The article is devoted to the strategy of evaluative argumentation in the Russian and American mass media discourse aimed at linguistic modeling of the Police image. The strategy of evaluative argumentation is one of the most effective communicative strategies for modeling the image of a social institution, where the addresser through appeal to the addressee’s emotions creates a certain model verbalized in value components and capable of having a speech impact forming the addressee’s opinion and attitude to a certain object or phenomenon. The category of assessment has the greatest speech-influencing potential due to the fact that it can replace logical argumentation in a media text, and evaluations can obtain the character of arguments themselves. The main functions of law enforcement agencies all over the world are to protect citizens’ life, health, rights and freedoms, that is, the highest values. That is why the value model is of the greatest interest in the study of the Police as a social institution. The author analyzes media texts, represented in such oppositional newspapers as “Novaya Gazeta”, “Kommersant”, “The Washington Post” and “The New York Times” for the period from 1 to 30 January 2021. As a result of the analyses of arguments and argumentative acts from oppositional newspapers representing information about the Russian and American law enforcement agencies’ activities, the author concludes that the positive image of the social institution of the Police in Russianlanguage and English-language media texts is actualized in such evaluative components as “morality”, “ethic”, “humanity”, “protection”, “safety”, “professionalism” and “legitimacy”, and the negative image is verbalized in the components “illegitimacy”, “arbitrariness”, “brutality”, “unprofessionalism”, “bias” and “threat”.

This paper offers an overview of an attempt to annotate a text in Japanese with the aim of pointing out all possible connections between elementary chunks of discourse, and the connective devices marking them. Being the first experience in Japanese, it asks for a certain adjustment of the annotation rules already used in the existing schools. This primarily touches upon what entities are connected and also upon the definition of a connective. Furthermore, semantic areas covered by connectives also need correction if reviewed through an in-depth analysis of the speaker’s intentions. The obstacles met while carrying out the annotation, and the pervasive patterns revealed, focus around two linguistic factors. On the one hand, structural specifics of the Japanese language cause the speaker to forego multiple transformations warping the surface structure in order to attain linear development of his line of discourse. On the other hand, the genre of the linguistic material (a lecture in tourism marketing) is largely accountable for dominating Causality and Discourse Deployment areas of connectives. It is through those that a higher level of pragmatic motivation is achieved in the explicit markers of the text structure – which turns out crucial in making the speech more persuasive.

This article is devoted to the analysis of Russian-Persian military dictionaries by J.M. Mirzabekyan, G.G. Aliyev and Kh.B. Mavlyutov, which are by far the most authoritative dictionaries among Iranian translators. The mega-media and microstructure of the mentioned military dictionaries are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as some problems of Persian equivalents representation in these dictionaries are considered. Since the main objective of this research work is the study of Russian-Persian dictionaries that are accepted by translators of military terms, an attempt was made to present a parametric analysis of the micro-, media- and macrostructure of the mentioned dictionaries. The parametric analysis is the most effective tool for typological description; it is universal in the sense that it allows you to expand the list of parameters. Considering these dictionaries as the major dictionaries in the military sphere, the authors attempted to show the need to update not only their structure, but also their Persian equivalents. The results of the analysis reveal some problems arising primarily out of the fact that some terms are outdated and no longer in use in modern Persian terminological language. Any a new Russian-Persian dictionary in this field should be aimed at clarifying and specifying term equivalents. As for the megastructure of dictionaries, they contain applications that provide extralinguistic information necessary for translating texts in this field that should be included in new dictionaries. In the considered dictionaries, the media structure is rarely framed, and thematic and semantic relationships between vocabulary units are not established. The design of the media structure of the dictionary gives it an additional educational character, which makes it of practical significance for students of technical universities, the main users of the new dictionary.

The rapidly developing cultural relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia predetermine the importance of studying the realities of Russian culture in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Despite the constantly growing interest of the Iranian reader in Russian fiction, we have not found translations of Russian folk tales. A distinctive feature of fairy tales is the presence of specific monsters and mythical creatures in them. The relevance of this study is emphasized by the fact that the opinions of researchers on the issue of translating these realities are divided: some researchers note that realities are untranslatable, others argue that there are no words that would be impossible to convey in another language. This research work presents methods and techniques for an adequate and equivalent translation of the proper names of mythical creatures that are the heroes of Russian folk tales of a magical nature. The translation experiment was conducted in student classes of the RFL departments of higher educational institutions of Iran. The main methods on which the study is based are the comparative method, the method of linguistic description, and the method of experiment. The students were asked to translate typical sentences, selected by continuous sampling, in which there was a mention of the magical characters of Russian folk tales. The purpose of the experiment is to identify what methods and techniques of translation strategies were used in the process of translating realities that do not have equivalents in the Persian language. Thus, the empirical basis of this study is the interpretation of fragments of Russian folk tales of a magical nature in Persian by students learning Russian as a foreign language. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to analyze the method of equivalent or adequate conveyance of national and cultural color of the Russian fairy tales characters into Persian. Based on the experiment, we can conclude that when translating the names of mythical heroes and monsters of Russian folk tales, students resorted to two main translation strategies − foreignization and domestication. Russian students chose the method of phonetic transliteration and transcription as the main method of foreignization, as well as calques that contribute to the preservation of Russian cultural and ethnic specificity and overcoming the difficulties of conveying semantic content and the national color of the mythical heroes of Russian folk tales. The main technique of the domestication strategy used by students is the borrowing of the designation of a fairy-tale character from the culture of other peoples with whom they were previously familiar. The results of our research can find practical application in literary translation in Iran. Theoretically, the material can contribute to the development of the theory of translation of literary texts of the folklore genre, as well as arouse interest in further research among undergraduates and graduate students studying in higher educational institutions of Iran.

Metaphor is often viewed as a controversial research problem and is, undoubtedly, one of the greatest challenges in translation. As a type of metaphor, personification is a common literary device and the way of understanding and representing reality. In this paper, the author tries to provide a descriptive study of the translators’ choices used for rendering the personifications in the translations of Mikhail Lermontov's novel “A Hero of Our Time”. The current scrutiny is based on five French translations made during the 19th century by A. A. Stolypin (1843), J. - M. Chopin (1853), E. Scheffter (1855), X. Marmier (1856), and A. de Villamarie (1884). Comparative semantic and functional approach constitutes the framework for the study and aims at describing and analyzing the translators’ choices. The typology of metaphor translation strategies suggested by R. Van den Broek completes the methodological basis. The back translation serves for a more explicit illustration of the acquired data. Our analysis shows that in most cases translators convey personification rather successfully. However, the translators’ choices and resulting interpretations are likely to vary markedly. Along with that, the rendering personifications by a non-metaphorical expression are another quite well marked mode of translation, whilst the rephrasing by similes is of infrequent occurrence and is the least exploited one. The analysis of translations which are made at the periods close in time to the creation of the original is of undoubtedly scientific interest, because it conduces to better understanding of individual translator’s decisions in relation to a historical and social context and offers interesting prospects for ulterior retrospective comparative study. The author intends to continue a more in-depth consideration of this problem in further researches.

This article is dedicated to examining the difficult cases of the transmission of the indefinite meaning with the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with the affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe- among Iranian audiences. The indefinite pronouns and adverbs are a group of words with a specific meaning and usage that express the category of indefiniteness. This topic is important because among the Iranian students learning Russian the use of indefinite pronouns and adverbs with these affixes is a most difficult problem. It is not due to the grammatical features of the pronouns and adverbs mentioned, but due to their dependence on semantic subtleties and the insufficient number of theoretical works analysing the errors made by foreign, including Iranian, students when using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with the mentioned affixes. The first problem that Iranian students face is the use of the indefinite pronouns and adverbs in the Russian language when in Persian their formal indicator is the indefinite article. The purpose of this article is to study the complicated cases of using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe- with indefinite meaning in the Iranian class and to consider how this group of the indefinite pronouns and adverbs is used in speech and text. The novelty of this article is in the fact that for the first time in the Russian studies of Iran, the difficult cases that Iranian students often encounter when using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe-, are analyzed and specified. In addition, principles have been developed to optimize the teaching process of this category of pronouns and adverbs among Iranian students. The results of the article can be used to eliminate the mistakes of Iranian students of Russian when using the indefinite pronouns and adverbs with the affixes -nibud, -libo, -to, koe- with the indefinite meaning, as well as to improve teaching Russian as a foreign language in the Iranian audience.

The article deals with the analysis of PR professional language variety as referred to teaching English to university undergraduates. PR terminology encompasses various contracted forms, which contain structurally and semantically encoded information that refers to language economy in terms of heuristic approach to language. The analysis of the vocabulary in question brings the subject matter into the focus of interdisciplinary research in the field of humanitarian studies, with reference to its linguistic and linguodidactic aspects. Certain spheres dealing with PR communication are subject to the analysis and synthesis in terms of linguistics, political science, economic theory, philosophy, psychology, sociology, rhetoric, and cognitive science. To elaborate the methods of teaching L2 to PR undergraduates, it is necessary to carry out consistent analysis of all language levels representatives in their interaction. The analysis of PR terminology, especially abbreviations and acronyms, is carried out to facilitate the process of professionally oriented L2 teaching. The results application deal with practical issues of linguodidactics and language teaching methodology as referred to PR studies with respect to the content and structure of teaching process, material choice and exercise samples with abbreviated forms in different types of activities. The article provides examples of possible tasks aimed at developing students' communicative and general cultural competencies based on the work with the language material under consideration. The shift of PR procedures implementation into Web 3.0 is discussed in terms of LSP teaching, which concerns with appropriate Internet materials use and processes of adequate interpretation as well as contracted realizations creation, determined by students’ abilities and their proficiency level.

In the modern world, foreign languages have acquired special importance, and their study is considered one of the fundamental and key conditions for the success of intercultural communication, as well as a tool for the formation of linguistic identity. For this reason, in the past few decades, special research has been carried out in educational psychology in order to find effective non-linguistic ways of mastering a second language. According to modern approaches, individual psychological characteristics have a great influence on the process of mastering foreign languages; therefore, this article attempts to show the relationship between psychological aspects and educational methods. The most important factors include motivation, gender, learning style, social factors, interest in learning a second language, the level of language and intellectual abilities, the presence of a language barrier, the cognitive style of the student, the ratio of language material and speech during learning, the level of development of verbal memory and the formation of ability to understand complex communication links. In this process, it is necessary to pay attention to essential factors that are outside linguistics. Students with the knowledge acquired over the years turn to different learning styles. It is important to show respect for their learning styles. It is essential for the instructor to design his curriculum in such a way that different students with different learning styles can follow them. When the activity seems meaningful to the student, his motivation for learning also increases. It seems that familiarity with psychology is essential for all teachers. Understanding what processes occur in the memory of a student while learning a foreign language, as well as what negative impact the delivery of a large volume of educational materials in a short period of time can have on him, is of great importance. Understanding this can have a significant positive impact on foreign language teachers in the preparation of educational programs for their correct presentation, which will be of great benefit and positive effect in the classroom.

In the complex geopolitical situation of the beginning of the 21 century and with the change of the vector of interests towards the countries of the East, attention to all aspects of the life of the peoples of these countries is increasing due to the urgent need to understand their cultures, lifestyle, and the world around them. These peoples are increasingly active in the international arena, their role in various fields is becoming more noticeable, and it is important to interact with them at various levels. To do this, it is necessary to know what this people lives by, what their priority is, what is important or secondary for them. The complexity of intercultural communication lies in the fact that the national character and mentality of representatives of different linguistic cultures is based on the existing realities of a particular people’s life, its moral values and attitudes, through which various ethnic communities identify themselves and fix their place and purpose in this world. Symbols and images reflecting these ideas take either a material or verbal shell and convey an ethnic picture of the world of a particular people, which is completely different from the ideas of other ethnic groups about what surrounds them. To understand a representative of another linguistic consciousness, mastering the vocabulary and grammar of a foreign language may not be accurate enough. Significant elements of language in their semantic part also contain an extra-linguistic component, the socalled background knowledge, which can be gleaned from the history, mythology, literature, folklore of the people with whom we are interacting. This extra-linguistic component, according to the author, is of great importance for understanding the national mentality and national character. It helps to identify other driving forces of the actions of different peoples in the process of intercultural communication, along with their political and economic interests. In this article, the author considers one of the symbols of the national mentality of the Arabs – the coffee tree and its derivative – a coffee drink, which plays an important role in creating a national collective portrait of the Arabic society, as well as makes an attempt to show how and why they occupied such an important place in the Arab national consciousness.

The article comprehensively studies such a stylistic device as wordplay in advertising discourse on the example of the Spanish language. The main purpose of the study was to study the wordplay techniques in the Internet advertising banners, which in recent years have gained most popularity among potential consumers compared with other types of advertising, as well as to identify those that are most frequently used. The objectives of the study were to find, systematize and classify examples of wordplay, determine the frequency of their use, as well as their compatibility and reinforcement potential in conjunction with visual means. To achieve the goals set, a significant layer of Spanish-language advertising on the Internet was analyzed from both Spanish and Latin American sites; the most striking and illustrative examples were selected and classified, and ranked according to the frequency of their use. In many advertising banners on the Internet was revealed a reference to the cultural and social realities of Spanish-speaking countries, their national color, features, which allows one not only to better understand the realities of Spanish-speaking countries, but also the value orientations of local goods and services consumers. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the most striking and most commonly used wordplay techniques are dilogy and pun, whereas paronomasia, diaphora and folding word are less common. Quite rare in advertising are antimetaboles and acrostics, as well as palindrome, which is explained by their least expressiveness and attractiveness to the consumer. The material has proved that wordplay in the language of advertising is one of the key aspects in creating advertising texts on the Internet, since, in combination with visual means, this technique creates a strong emotional impact, draws the consumer's attention to the advertised product and contributes to its better implementation, which is the advertisers’ goal.

The purpose of this particular article is to analyse the main features of the Spanish speech genres of the Instagram’s content being a social network and an application used to share photos and videos. Nowadays the topic is completely up to date because in Spanish-speaking countries there are a huge number of Instagram followers, which often is significantly greater than the number of users of any other social platform. Instagram is a special type of digital communication that has defined speech genres. The Instagram discourse is a hypertext − a structure that includes links to other texts. The underlying Instagram genre is a post that contains a photo or a video with a short text message. The post, in turn, can be presented by various sub-genres depending on the communicative purpose of the author: self-presentation, news, gratitude, congratulations, advice, request, invitation, appeal, obituary, advertisement, and joke. Stories are a separate Instagram genre with special purposes and functions. They are audiovisual content that has a limited lifespan, unlike a regular post. The article highlights such features of Instagram speech genres as interactivity, the polycode nature of messages (communication takes place in different levels − verbal and visual), the usage of hashtags and the availability of comments. Digital comment itself is a speech genre; it is characterized by informality, brevity and emotionality typical of oral communication. The conducted study allows us to conclude that the boundaries of Instagram speech genres are blurred. At the same time genres are closely connected, they often mix, they change due to the constant updating of the digital platform itself. The source of the illustrative material of this article was the content of the profiles of Spanish-speaking Instagram users, both private individuals and organizations.

The purpose of the work is to consider two trends in the development of the Egyptian novel on the examples of the works by Tawfiq al-Hakim, Yahya Haqqi, Naguib Mahfouz, Abd ar-Rahman ash-Sharkawi on the one hand, and Ibrahim Abd al-Qadir al-Mazini, and Abbas al-Akkad, on the other hand; to trace their development and manifestation in the works by famous contemporary Egyptian authors, winners of the Man Booker Prize − Bahaa Taher and Yusuf Zeidan. It is necessary to point out the main features laid down by the founders of the novel genre, are awareness of national tasks, ideas of national unity, subordination of personal interests to public ones, attention to social problems, and high spiritual content. These features were equally inherent in such works as Return of the Spirit, A Bird from the East, The Lamp of Umm Hashim, Earth and many novels by Naguib Mahfouz. The democratism of these novels, their high moral potential, focus on national themes, and patriotism are noted. On the other hand, the works Ibrahim the Writer and Sarah are considered, where the philosophy of egoism, the opposition of the individual to public interests, the ideas of free love and ‘liberation of the flesh’ are cultivated. Novels that demonstrate these two different tendencies have one thing in common − the influence of an external model, as, for example, in the novel The Writer Ibrahim of M. Artsybashev’s novel Sanin. The continuation of these two directions of the Egyptian novel is demonstrated by the example of the works Love in Exile and The Nabatean.