This paper focuses on the common syntactic usage of the Infinitive and the Supine in the contemporary Romanian language. These two non-finite verbal forms continue to represent an extremely debated issue, because of their unusual diachronic change – in the process of the evolution of Romanian the long Infinitive has been nominalized while the verbal Noun (nominal Supine), on the contrary, has developed gradually into the verbal Supine. As a result of this process in the Romanian language have appeared and coexist two non-finite verbal forms which are often used in the same syntactic positions. Most studies regarding the problems of the Infinitive and the Supine were dedicated to the competition of these forms with the Conjunctive, but the goal of this paper is to research the syntactic behavior of these two forms and the relationship within this pair. The comparative analysis of the common syntactic positions of the Infinitive and the Supine and of their distribution within every syntactic position allowed us to draw the conclusion that the Infinitive and the Supine have a rich set of common syntactic functions, but there is no complete functional similarity between them. Each form demonstrates its own list of semanticgrammatical characteristics, different valence, compatibility and stylistic selectivity that determines its syntactic behavior.

In the article there are considered new approaches to the solution of the problem of formalization of grammatical indices of the time system in modern Turkish language, the author introduces the concept of affixes of the past time, specifies the meaning of certain times, and adds the so called near future time.

The formalized approach to the classification of the time system, that is, the approach based on the formal features of a particular grammatical phenomenon, has made it possible to reduce the whole system of time to just two temporative fields, in which 16 times are worked out with affixes of the present or past time. A clear parallel is made between these two fields.

Such an approach can facilitate the work of programmers in solving the problems of machine translation, and also simplify the task for students of non-linguistic universities to acquire grammatical material in the course of studying the Turkish language.

This article is dedicated to the folk etymology as a source of the new lexical items in Spanish. It changes a typical view on the object that is usually taken as a wrong etymological interpretation. Based on the analysis of scientific works and Spanish language corpora, it drives to understand the folk etymology as a part of morphological derivation. The article presents an altered view on the theoretical foundation of Spanish lexicology. By knowing these features, one could increase the adequacy of different types of translation and alter the approach in teaching Spanish lexicology. The arguments provided by the article are in favor of understanding folk etymology in the context of scientific etymology as a peculiar exception to certain laws of the language’s evolution. The need to perceive the folk etymology as one of the main sources of replenishment of the lexical reserve of the language, opens up extralinguistic interrelations that can ensure the accuracy of the translation, especially when it comes to translating texts in the diachronic perspective is pointed out in this article.

The article is devoted to the scientific coverage of the periodical nomination problem, where one of the particular tasks is the establishment of the role of the names of newspapers and magazines in the communication process. The latest research problem solved was based on two fundamental provisions. First, the article highlights the antinomical communicative status of the names of newspapers and magazines. In the process of communicative interaction the title of a periodical can be used in isolation from an integral whole of newspaper or magazine text and be relatively independent, i.e. autosemantic. So, the title is used as a self-sufficient sign in the process of verbal or textual communication, when it is necessary to point to a specific media outlet, analyze and evaluate the publication. In the case of direct contact with a newspaper or magazine (in the process of reading, scrolling at the seller) the name appears as an obligatory structural component of an integral sign (the totality of texts forming a newspaper or magazine), and therefore it is not independent, it is synsemantic. Secondly, the type of the title we are researching is syncretic: it is not only the designation of a newspaper or magazine (hemeronym), but it is a commercial name (ergonim). The above circumstances predetermine the polyfunctionality of the object under study.

In the course of the study, the following interrelated functions of the titles of periodicals were identified: nominative, publication individualization, graphic structuring, selective-identifying, potentially predictive, affecting, advertising, creating the information effectiveness of a newspaper or magazine, reducing the risk of incorrect purchases, and aesthetic. Formation of the functional mobility of the title is largely due to the use of visual graphics. Not only the word, but also the design form of the idea of the publication embodied in the external appearance of the title evokes interest of the potential addressee, forms the associative increments set by the publisher and makes the reader select and remember this periodical.

The article is devoted to the problem of binary opposition us/them that represents Russia in German media with a help of metaphors. The continuous sampling method was used to find metaphors from 2011 to 2015 which were classified thematically. The article discusses the biggest groups of metaphors “Foreign and domestic policy”, “Economy”, “Geographic location. Space position”. In comparison with related articles, which analyze different types of metaphors, or metaphorical word usage that concerns certain event this paper discusses metaphors in a broader context as well as their influence on perception of Russia as a “friend” or “foe”. Correlation of Russia with the first or the second predetermines the image of Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that the attribution of Russia to the class of «foes» not only underlines the foreignness and remoteness of the country but in some cases also forms the image of a hostile state, in this case the German media repeatedly draw attention to the interdependence of both states that need strong partnership.

The article considers the influence of virtual communication in social networks on the lexical and orthographic change of oral speech representation. The development of computer technologies creates groups of interest, forums and social networks in the Internet where the language of virtual communication becomes more variable moving from its being symbolic to a more creative one, when users get the opportunity not just to exchange short messages but express their opinion. A new sphere of communication originates a new lexical layer of transformers and promotes the convergence of written and oral types of speech interaction. The analysis of correspondence in social networks and examples from Japanese sources have showed that the language of Japanese politeness Keigo is not used in networks which can create certain difficulties in choosing the right forms in real communication. Conversely, simple or familiar forms allowed in written language are scarce and their automatic transfer to everyday life can become a hindrance to establishing social contacts. Actively integrating in the Japanese language neologisms most often conform to the norms of Japanese phonetics and grammar, but they cause significant deviations in a written fixation of the transmitted text. The lack of a visual contact in social networks forms a written oral speech, the analysis and consideration of which is important for an adequate perception of information and for a better orientation in the Japanese Internet space.

The article explains conceptual relationship between semantic components of a word and philosophical concepts as well as practical use of semic analysis aimed at interpretation of speech acts in political discourse. Lexical variety, synonyms and marks of national culture in a language reveal the cultural code as a key to interpretation. The opposition of reason and common sense as stated by I. Kant is getting a new meaning in modern context. The German expression „vernünftige Politik“ (English: “reasonable policy” or “sensible policy”) initially refers to the German word “reason” and is seen as a lexical variant in different contexts and as an instrument of political influence not only from the point of view of a successful speech act, but also in the interests of diplomatic relations. The semic analysis of synonyms to the German word „vernünftig“ shows an extention of meaning where a direct translation as “reasonable” appears to be the main meaning component. In this way it is the etymology of the German „Vernunft“, which is a noun from the verb „vernehmen“ (“to hear”, “to perceive”), that leads to the conclusion about the meaning of culture of perception for understanding values and cultural dialogue.

The article is focused on the study of human character in the mythological worldview in three different linguocultures (Russian, Kazakh and English). Of special interest is a somatic code, which, on the one hand, is universal in each culture, and, on the other, has its national distinctness. A linguocultural description of somatism “волос / шаш / hair” is given in Russian, Kazakh and English, respectively. In folk culture there is a large number of rituals, signs, paremias and phraseological units, rooted in mythology and expressed in the linguistic worldview, with a symbolic meaning of the concept “hair”. Interpretation of the semantics of phraseological units with somatisms made it possible to identify specific features of the national and cultural conceptualization and categorization of the real world. The features of similarity and differences in the conceptualization and verbalization of somatisms in Russian, Kazakh and English conceptospheres are carefully examined. For this purpose a set of general scientific and linguistic methods and evaluation techniques of language material are used, such as a typological and comparative methods, techniques of linguocultural and component analysis of empiric material. The results of the research will be of interest both for specialists in the field of linguocultural studies, linguists-cognitologists and non-specialist audiences.

The article analyzes nominal word formation in modern Amharic as a subsystem with special word formation mechanisms. We examine productive word formation models and patterns both new and existing in the language for a long time. The intralinguistic and extralinguistic causes that influence the process of creating new words are also observed in the article.

Particular attention is paid to the problem of the correct use of newly coined lexical units so as to avoid the distortion of their meaning as well as misunderstanding between the people who communicate with each other. In this connection, a conclusion is made about the need for the systematization and unification of new words, especially those related to terminological vocabulary.

The article is limited to the consideration of certain aspects of the nominal word formation highlighting those word-formation patterns in modern Amharic that from the author’s point of view are most productive.

This article focuses on historical, national and cultural aspects of Bolivian place names. The materials used for this article included maps of the Republic of Bolivia, national and bilingual dictionaries, texts and discourses of different types, all of which provided a corpus of 300 units. The origin, motivation, and both the morphological and semantic structure of Bolivian toponyms were analyzed from the semiotic point of view, which allowed evaluating their role in the Bolivians’ worldview, as well as in terms of contacts between different languages and cultures. A special attention was paid to Bolivian demonyms. The results of the analysis make it possible to draw the conclusion that the Bolivian toponymy forms a selfsufficient and flexible system that is constantly developing. It reveals universal features of Latin American, South American and Andean toponymy. It contains native place names that form its solid indigenous substrate due to Quechua and Aymara languages, as well as place names from the period of the conquest of the country by the Europeans and geographical names that emerged during the Independence period. All given features of Bolivia´s toponymy, like in other Spanish-American national toponymies, allow various combinations. The results of the suffix productivity analysis in the word formation of Bolivian demonyms are also presented.

This paper uses corpus data to analyze and compare the metalinguistic markers of assertive speech acts in Japanese. Bare speech act verbs in such markers produce a self-referent comment to the main utterance, which functionally is close to approximate nomination. Modifiers of the type of “honestly”, “frankly”, “truth” provide for an explication of the sincerity condition, thus verbalizing the maxim of quality. A feature particular to Japanese is the use of speech act verbs in passive voice in meta-comment. This allows one to verbalize the elements of the speech situation pertaining to the interpersonal relations of communicants. We also consider mental verbs as typically close to the speech verbs in their function in meta-comment. From the functional point of view, all of the expressions act as intensifiers of the illocutionary force of the utterance, stressing one or the other of the constituent features of the speech act and therefore elevating its persuasive potential. We are also able to note linguo- and culture-specific features in the composition of the class of metalinguistic markers and their semantics.

This work focuses on the historical development of pseudo-partitive nominal groups of the type eine Art+Adj+N in the German prosaic texts of the XV11-XX centuries. Nominal groups of the type eine Art+N without an attribute before the second component in contemporary German language do not allow one to determine the case of the second noun and the form of subordination. The attribute before the second component allows us in the majority of cases to determine the case of the second noun and the type of subordination. The problem lies in the fact that nominal groups of the type eine Art+Adj+N are arranged by different methods, mainly by means of genitive: eine Art neuer Volkspartei, or prepositional government : eine Art von neuer Volkspartei, or agreement: eine Art neue Volkspartei. The selection of the form of subordination is determined in some cases by the grammatical indices of the components of a nominal group. The study has showed that the nominal groups with the components in the plural are almost completely blocked for agreement. In the XX-century texts nouns in singular are equally represented with constructions with the genitive case and agreement. In case of feminine nouns preference is given to constructions with genitiv. The article considers the historical development of the grammatical shaping of constructions. Comparing the quantitative correlation of subordination types from the XV11 century up to now, we can come to the conclusion that agreement construction gradually displaces genitive and prepositional constructions.

In the article one of the novels of Dina Rubina’s trilogy «People of Air» is considered in the context of women’s prose at the turn of the XXI century. The peculiarity of the novel «The White Dove of Cordoba» as gendered prose is revealed through the study of heterotopy of the body, which acquires special significance in broadcasting and comprehending the specific female experience. In the novel under analysis the heterotopia of the body is a special transgressive space of the pictorial ecphrasis, which problematises male discourse.

«The plot of creativity», directly associated with the demiurgic type of personality of the artist, becomes a way of implementing a gender perspective. The basis of demiurgization is the dominant model of masculinity, which presupposes the domination of power discourse. At the same time, the power discourse loses its traditional status, resulting from the trauma of the «split body» (J. Lacan).

Heterotopia of pictorial ecphrasis is characterized by a mobile structure that determines its double directionality. On the one hand, heterotopy embodies the fantasy of a “split body” (J. Lacan), which embodies the demiurgic claims of heroes, on the other hand, they fix the overcoming of power discourse, destroying the border between the hero and life.

The article considers the relevance of studying politically correct English language in Russian universities, which is currently normative for a formal style of communication in the West. «Political correctness» is defined as a term that refers to a language and political ideas which addresses the issues related to discrimination, alienation of politically, socially or economically disadvantaged groups of people. According to foreign sources, the term is defined as «politically correct (P.C.) language, behavior, and attitudes that are carefully chosen so that they do not offend or insult anyone». In order to enhance the active vocabulary of students of humanitarian sciences studying the English language, we conducted research work, in the course of which the historic development and modification of the concept «political correctness» was analyzed and the most frequent politically correct words and phrases were identified. The study of lexical units that are recommended for use in formal communication made it possible to determine the content of a politically correct dictionary for students of humanitarian sciences, based on the analysis of the most authoritative media and observers (The Guardian, Encyclopedia Britannica etc.). The authors come to the conclusion that political correctness is currently used mainly as a means of control and manipulation of public consciousness. The article makes the case for studying politically correct vocabulary as a part of modern linguistic culture.

The article analyzes two landmark works of contemporary Arabic literature, which were nominated for ‘Arabic Booker’, the most prestigious novel prize in the Arab world. These novels are “Ave Maria” by Sinan Antoon (short listed in 2013) and his compatriot Ahmed Saadawi’s work “Frankenstein in Baghdad” (Arabic Booker, 2014). Both works offer literary images of the time, essentially being documents of the historic period written as pieces of fictional prose. They touch upon what happened during the grave crises (2005, 2010) of Iraq’s history following the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime. The authors provide a factographic record of the havoc wreaked in the country, endless terrorist attacks and deaths, the exodus of Christian population as a result of toughening living conditions among the Muslim majority and escalating confrontations between religions. This is an accusation in complete helplessness against the Iraqi authorities and in permissiveness and disrespect for Iraq’s national interests against the American occupation army.

The article looks at the role conceptual metaphor and its cognitive mechanism play in developing students’ cognitive competence in a language and content integrated course at tertiary level. At present, knowledge has become the main resource and driver of social and economic development. That is why studying human intelligence and its cognitive mechanisms are at the core of the XX1 century interdisciplinary competences. The article shows that second language acquisition from the perspective of cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics has a potential for raising effectiveness of learning and implies new techniques in foreign language pedagogy. Conceptual metaphor is viewed in the article as a universal cognitive instrument that surfaces in the language and at the same time reveals the underlying conceptual system of a professional domain. A conclusion is drawn that conceptual metaphor is a natural cognitive and language mechanism, which makes it, as well as a system of metaphor-based tasks, an effective learning technique contributing to cognitive competence development in professional language training of international relations students.

The article focuses on the formation and development of communicative competence components in the process of practicing interaction exercises in French classes. The comparison of the format of exercises with the theoretical provision of the Common European Framework of Reference: Learning, Teaching, Assessment – brings us to the conclusion about their compliance and efficiency in a communicative competence development in the study process. Multilevel process of competence acquisition and development, and the inclusion of existential competence (savoir-être) and ability to learn (savoir-apprendre) into this process allow us to make a working hypothesis about the formation of a new educational concept of Homo competens. While choosing tools for the assessment of oral language proficiency, there is touched upon the question of evaluative descriptors as one of the benefits of the Common European Framework of Reference.